Quiz 2 Flashcards
Academies:
A gathering of gentlemen amateurs who met to discuss a variety of humanistic topics
What/Where was the Camerata?
A music academy in Florence, Italy.
What are the 4 types of membership into the Camerata?
Patron, Composer, Theorist, Poets.
Name 1 Patron
Giovanni de’ Bardi
Name 1 Composer
Giulio Caccini
Name 1 Theorist
Galilei
Name 1 Poet
Pietro Strozzi
Define Intermedio (Intermedii)
Music performed in between acts of a play.
How many acts were all early operas?
5
What were all early operas based on?
Greek and Roman mythology
Define Monody:
Soloist with simple accompaniment
What are the characteristics of a recitative?
-Slow Harmonic Rhythm
-“Speech-Like” Rhythm
-Repeated notes
-Syllabic
Define Ritornello (Peri)
A short instrumental section before, after, or during a vocal piece.
Define Basso Continuo/Continuo
Simple Bass line. Performers were expected to improvise chords
Difference between the forms of Aria and Madrigal according to Caccini.
Arias are Strophic. Madrigals are through-composed
What are the 5 Caccini Ornaments?
Escalaazione, Trillo, Gruppo, RIbattuta Di GOla, Nubile Sprezzatura.
Esclaazione:
a decrescendo and crescendo on one note.
Trillo:
When When a cadential goal is approached from above, repetition of the same note at an increasing speed.
Gruppo:
when a cadential goal is approached from below. A trill with a turn on the end
Ribattuta Di Gola:
re-striking with the throat, usually to introduce a trill
Nobile sprezzatura:
variation from the written rhythm. Avoiding straight eighth notes.
Prima practica (Artrusi):
The music is more important than the text
Prima Secundo (Monteverdi):
The text is more important than the music.
What are Scacchis four kinds of sacred music?
-Masses and motets, a cappella prima practica (Palestrina)
-Masses and motets, divided choir with organ accompaniment, prima practica (Palestrina).
-Masses and motets, concerto style, prima practica (Gabrieli).
-Masses and motets, concerto style, seconda practica (Grandi)
What are the characteristics of a Recitative?
-Speech-like rhythms
-Slow Harmonic rhythm
-Duple meter
-Lots of repeated notes
-Through composed
-No musical motives
-No repeated text
-Syllabic
What are the characteristics of an Arioso?
-Either speech like with Fast
-or Lyrical with Slow
-more duple
-More repeated notes
-Through-composed
-Can have musical motives
-Can have some repeat
-Can be either
What are the characteristics of an Aria?
-Lyrical
-Fast harmonic rhythm
-Triple meter
-Few repeated notes
-Possibly strophic
-Musical motives
-Some repeated texts
-Possibly melismatic
What event happens in 1637 that changes Opera?
The first public opera house opens in Venice.
What are three differences between Opera of the 1600 and Opera in 1637?
- 3 acts instead of five that are historical rather than mythological
- Significantly smaller orchestra
3.Scenery and costumes are reused.
What is the le nuove muiche and who wrote it?
Caccini. A book containing Arias and Madrigals. Published in 1602
What are the two types of Oratorios?
Oritorio Latino and Oritorio Volgare
Oritorio Latino:
Latin text. Prose. 1 act. Carissimi.
Oritorio volgare:
In the vernacular. Poetry. 2 acts.
What are the characteristics of an Opera?
Secular. Staged. Soloists and Instruments.
What are the characteristics of a Cantata?
Secular. Unstaged. Soloists and Instruments
What are the characteristics of an Oritorio?
Sacred. Unstaged. Chorus.
What are characteristics that all three genera’s share?
-All combine recitative, arioso, and aria at the same time (1602)
-All switched to De capo arias at the same time (1690)
What is the form of a Da Capo aria?
ABA’. Basically. Scarlatti.
What are the three components of Opera?
Music. Libretto. Staging.
What is the set up of a Tragedie en musique?
Ouverture. Proloque (Dedicated to the King). 5 acts. Lully
What are the french genres in an Opera.
Ritournelle (Instrumental Music) Recitatif. Air
Why did it take so long for the French to start writing Opera?
There had to be constant meter change in recitatif, because of the speech like rhythm, to keep up with the language.
What are the four characteristics of a French OVerture?
1st movement
-Overdotting
-Note inegales
2nd movement
-Imitative
-Ends with a few slower measures
Overdotting:
dotted quarter eighth I played dotter quartered tied to dotted eighth and struck 16th. Lully
Note inegales:
Swinging eighth notes. Lully
Divertissement:
a scene or a group of scenes related to the main action that showcase a spectacle. Lully
Types of Instrumental Music During the Baroque Era
Dance Music
Vocal music played on instruments
Imitative pieces
Improvisatory pieces
Settings of pre-existing melodies
Variation Sets
What are the two main types of Improvisatory Pieces?
Toccatas and Preludes
What are the characteristics of Improvisatory Pieces?
Through composed
Lots of figuration
Block chord in one hand and rapid passage work in the other
Few ornamentations other than trills
What was the Fiori Musicali?
A collection of organ masses
Imitative instrumental music
Chromatic
Mean Temperament
By Frescibaldi
What is mean temperament?
Not all half steps are the same size. Frescibaldi
What are the three types of French Baroque Keyboard Music?
Suites
Style Brise
Argrements
What is a suite?
A collection of dances in the same key, often introduced by a prelude
What are the characteristics of Style Brise?
A style of writing meant to give the illusion of strict counterpoint.
Voices drop in and out
Lines are interrupted by rests
Frequent arpeggios, especially at cadences
Few/no long notes
What were Argrements?
Ornaments noted in what way that could be interpreted many ways. So composer made a key. They were not optional.
What is the form of French Baroque dances?
Usually binary with repeats (aabb)
What is the form of a Chaconne?
refrain, couplet, refrain, couplet, etc.
What are the characteristics of Galant Style?
Thin Texture
2 or 4 bar phrases with frequent cadences
Short often repeated motives
Simple Harmonies
No Striking dissonances
Couperin
What is Ritornello Form?
Alternating ritornello and episodes.
4-6 ritornelli
Subsequent ritornelli are incomplete
Episodes may be based on the ritornello or be completely new
Couperin
When was Handel Born
1685
What is the Royal Academy?
An opera company. Consisting of Handel and 2 other composers.
Define Opera Seria
Serious Opera
What are the characteristics of Opera Seria?
3 acts (act 1 is the longest)
Virtuoso Singers (Sopranos and Castratis)
Strict alternation between Recitative and Aria
Handel preferred the French Overture
What are the characteristics of English Oratorios?
3 acts
In English
Prominent use of chorus
Sacred Texts
Unstaged
Used local singers and no castrati
Who was Erdmann Neumeister?
Poet and theorist who said that a cantatas should look like an expert from an opera
What are the four types of Bach Cantatas?
Pure, Mixed, Paraphrase, Free Cantata.
What is a Pure Cantata?
All movements are based on the text and music of the chorale
What is a Mixed cantata
The outer movements, and occasionally the central movement, are based on the text and melody of the chorale; the other movements are setting of other texts
What is a paraphrase Cantata?
the other movements, and occasionally the central movements, use the tune and text of the chorale; the inner movements paraphrase the inner chorale stanzas.
What is a Free Cantata?
not based on a chorale ( Bach)
What are the two ways to incorporate a chorale?
All parts of the chorus have the choral. Usually the top voice is augmented and comes in last.
Only the top voice has the chorale. The other voices are imitative but not of the chorale tune.
Define Fortspinnung
Taking a small amount of musical material and through a process of repetition, sequencing, and rearrangement creating an entire piece. Non komm, der Heden Heiland by Bach is the only piece we know that uses this
What are the four types of Chorales in Keyboard music?
Chorale prelude, Chorale variations, Chorale fantasies, Chorale Fugue; Bach
What is Chorale Prelude?
A simple arrangement of the chorale, usually in the top voice, intended as an introduction to congregational singing in the Lutheran church.
What is Chorale Variations?
multiple statements of the chorale, each time with a different arrangement.
What is Chorale Fantasies:
Large, rhapsodic compositions of a virtuosic nature, uses some of the chorale and bounces between it and new music.
What is Chorale Fugue?
The initial phrase of phrases of the chorale serve as the subject of a fugue.
Define subject:
main theme of a fugue
Define answer:
Second statement of the subject
What are the 2 types of answers?
Tonal and Real answer.
Define Tonal answer:
intervals can be slightly altered in the tonality
Define Real answer:
all intervals are kept exactly the same
Define exposition:
Beginning where the subject is stated once
Define Bridge:
between the answer and the next statement of the subject. a section not based on the subject.
Define Countersubject:
another motive besides the subject that is used on a regular basis
Define Stretto:
When a two statements of the subject overlap. Never in the exposition.
Define Lament Bass:
a descending minor tetrachord repeated over and over again.
