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HISTOLOGY AND HISTOTECHNIQUE > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the materials needed in preparing a microscope slide?

A

Glass Slides
Cover Slips
Stains / Dye
Other Chemicals

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2
Q

What are the Two types of Glass slides based on physical features?

A

Flatt slides and Concave Slides

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3
Q

This is the most Basic Microscopic slides

A

Flat Slides

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4
Q

A type of Glass slide that is ideal for liquid solutions and larger specimens.

It can be used without a?

A

Concave slides

without a cover slip

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5
Q

Cover slips are made of?

What are the two types of cover slips?

State at least three functions of a cover slip

A

Glass or Plastic

Number 1(0.13-0.17) and Number Two (0.17- 0.25)

Holds the Specimen in Place
Flattens the specimen
Protects the Objective lenses

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6
Q

What is the purpose of a dye?

A

To increase Visibility

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7
Q

State the Principle of Staining.

A

Different stains have different affinities for different organisms, or different parts of organisms thus maybe used to differentiate different types of organisms or to view specific parts of organisms

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8
Q

What are the two types of stains according to the number of dyes used?

A

Positive and Negative Stains

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9
Q

Type of dye that is absorbed by the specimen itself.

A

Positive Staining

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10
Q

What are the two types of Positive staining?

A

Simple and Differential Staining.

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11
Q

A type of Positive staining where only one dye is used.

A

Simple Staining

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12
Q

A type of positive staining where more than one dye is used

What is its function?

A

Differential Staining

Able to differentiate different kinds of specimen/cells

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13
Q

What are the two types of differential staining? (under positive staining)

A

Gram Positive and Gram Negative Staining

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14
Q

Difference of Gram positive and Gram Negative stains

A

Gram positive absorbs primary stains whilst gram negative absorbs secondary stains.

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15
Q

It is a type of stain that is drawn outside the cell

What is its function?

A

Negative Stain

It is used to emphasize cell structures.

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16
Q

Stains are separated into two accordances which are?

A

According to the number of dyes used

according to reaction of tissue stain

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17
Q

Two types of stains, according to reaction of tissue

A

Basophilic and Acidophilic Stains

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18
Q

Differentiate basophilic from acidophilic stains

A

Basophilic
-Basic stains
-Stains acidic parts of the cell

Acidophilic
-Acidic stains
-Stains basic parts of the cell

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19
Q

T or F
In staining, like poles attract and opposite poles retract

A

False

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20
Q

Enumerate atleast four common stains

A

Haemotoxylin and Eosin
Connective Tissue Stains
Silver Impregnation Stains
Wright Stain

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21
Q

It is the most common stain.
What is it good for?

What stains the nuclei blue?
What stains the cytoplasm red?

A

Haemotoxylin and Eosin
General structure

Haemotoxylin and Eosin

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21
Q

It is the most common stain.
What is it good for?

What stains the nuclei blue?
What stains the cytoplasm red?

A

Haemotoxylin and Eosin
General structure

Haemotoxylin and Eosin

22
Q

A type of connective tissue stain that employs a nuclear, cytoplasmic, and stain that is specific for the matrix.

A

Mallory’s Triple CT Stain

23
Q

It is a common stain that is used to trace nerves, stain Golgi and reticular fibers.

A

Silver Impregnation Stain

24
Q

A common stain used for blood smearing

A

Wright Stain

25
Q

Types of slides based on mounts

A

Temporary slides and permanent slides

26
Q

Give examples to the following:
* Fixatives –
* Dehydrants –
* Clearing Agents –
* Embedding Medium –
* Stains –
* Adhesive/Affixative –
* Mountant –

A
  • Fixatives – FAA, Bouin’s solution, Formalin.
  • Dehydrants – ethanol.
  • Clearing Agents – Xylene and Chloroform
  • Embedding Medium – Paraffin.
  • Stains – Methylene blue, Hematoxylin, Wright Stain, Crystal Violet, Eosin, Safranin, Fast Green.
  • Adhesive/Affixative – Mayer’s albumin.
  • Mountant – Balsam.
27
Q

Enumerate 4 Fresh Tissue Examination Techniques and their functions

A

Teasing- for separating tissues in bulk
Squashing- for soft samples
Smear Preparation- for liquid samples
Frozen Section- for lipids and nervous tissue elements.

28
Q

What are the four types of Smear Preparation and their distinctive features?

A

Streaking- for uniform distribution
Spreading- for fresh sputum
Pull-apart- for thick secretions
Touch Preparation- for direct transfer of cells to the slide

29
Q

Give three frozen section uses

A

Pathological Diagnosis
Research enzyme histochemistry
Research Demonstration

30
Q

State the 10 steps in processing tissues.

A
  1. Fixation
  2. Dehydration
  3. Clearing
  4. Infiltration or Impregnation
  5. Embedding
  6. Trimming
  7. Section-Cutting
  8. Staining
  9. Mounting
  10. Labelling
31
Q

Enumerate Five Purpose for Fixation Process

A

Chemical stability in tissue
Hardens the tissue
Stops autolysis
Stop Bacterial Putrefaction
Act as Mordant

32
Q

T or F
(Fixation must be carried out as soon as possible after removal of tissue or soon after death)

A

True

33
Q

what are the Five major groups of fixative?

A

Aldehydes
Mercurials
Alcohols
Oxidizing Agents
Picrates

34
Q

What type of fixatives are
1. formaldehyde/formalin and glutaraldehyde.
2. mercuric chloride and Zenker’s.
3. methanol and ethanol.
4. potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate and osmium tetroxide.
5.fixative with picric acid (ex: Bouin’s sol’n).

A

Aldehydes
Mercurials
Alcohols
Oxidizing Agents
Picrates

35
Q

Enumerate Fixatives for General Usage

A

10% Formalin
FAA-Formalin-Acetic-Acid-Alcohol
Zenker’s and Camoy’s Fluid

36
Q

Advantages of using Formalin as Fixative

A
  • Has Good penetration power.
  • Does not shrink the specimen.
  • Does not affect the material if kept for long time.
  • Can be kept without deterioration for considerable time.
37
Q

A fixative best for plant material

A

Formalin Acetic Acid Alcohol

38
Q

A fixative best for Animal tissues

A

Zenker’s and Camoy’s Fluid

39
Q

Enumerate 6 factors affecting fixation

A

Buffering
Peneration
Volume
Temperature
Concentration
Time-Interval

40
Q

Buffering pH scale ranges between?
Give two examples
Commercial formalin is buffered with ______ at a pH of ____.

A

6-8
Phosphates and Bicarbonates
Phophate at 7

41
Q

The penetration of fixation depends on ____ of fixative

  • Formalin and alcohol:
  • Glutaraldehyde:
  • Mercurials:
A

diffusability

best
worst
neutral

42
Q

What is the best volume ratio for fixatives?

A

20:1

43
Q

Fixative concentration is best adjusted down to what level?

What is the best fixative?,

and normally used fixative?

A

Lowest level possible

10% Formalin

Glutaraldehyde at 2% solution

44
Q

Best time interval for;

FAA
Camoy’s Fluid
Zenker’s Fluid

A

Up to 12 hrs

1-3 hrs

2-4 hrs

45
Q

Characteristics of an ideal dehydrating solution

A
  • It should dehydrate rapidly without producing considerable shrinkage or distortion of tissues.
  • It should not evaporate very fast.
  • It should be able to dehydrate even fatty tissues.
  • It should not harden tissues exclusively.
  • It should not remove stains.
  • It should not be toxic to the body.
  • It should not be a fire hazard.
46
Q

What are 5 commonly used dehydrating agents?

A

Acetone
Alcohol
Triethyl Phosphate
Tetrahydrofuran
Dioxane

47
Q

Alcohol
* A ____________ are used most frequently.
* Tissue is passed through a series of __________.
* Higher grades of alcohol causes?

A

standard series of alcohols are used most frequently
Progressively increasing concentration

Shrinkage and hardening of tissues.

48
Q

What is the best dehydrating agent? State at least three advantages

A

Ethyl Alcohol

  • Fast acting.
  • Mixes with water.
  • Penetrates tissue easily.
  • Not poisonous.
  • Not very expensive.
49
Q

A very concentrated solution (above _____% makes tissue hard, brittle and difficult to cut.) Prolong storage in lower concentrations of alcohol (below _____%) tends to macerate the tissue.

A

80 then 70

50
Q

State the 7 dehydrating procedures

A
  1. Water
  2. 50% Ethanol
  3. 70% Ethanol
  4. 80% Ethanol
  5. 90% Ethanol
  6. 100% Ethanol – 30 min
  7. 100% Ethanol – 30 min
51
Q

(To ensure complete removal of water during dehydration, use _____ changes of ____% ethanol of at least _______ hour each)

A

two;100;1/2

52
Q

State the three tissue classes; and examples

A

Class A – delicate tissues: lungs, membranes.
Class B – moderately thick, spleen, liver, kidneys, heart.
Class C – bulky and thick: skin.

53
Q

State the Tissue Classes and their timing for Dehydration.

A

Class A- 30 min in each alcohol concentration .
Class B - 1 hr
Class C - 3-4 hrs

HISTOLOGY AND HISTOTECHNIQUE (4 decks)

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