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HISTOLOGY AND HISTOTECHNIQUE > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

It is the preparation of tissue for microscopic examination

A

Histotechnology

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2
Q

This is the preparation of diagnostic material that is to be evaluated by a pathologist or clinician.

A

Histotechnology

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3
Q

T or F
Histotechnology is a series of processes

A

True

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4
Q

What is the ultimate aim of histotechnology?

A

To make tissue visible as it is

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5
Q

Who discovered the cell in 1665?

A

Robert Hooke

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6
Q

Who defined the cell in 1861?

A

Max Schultze

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7
Q

What is the definition of the cell according to Max Schultze?

A

Cell is a small mass of nucleated protoplasm

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8
Q

Who examined the red blood cells of the salmon?

A

Leewenhoek in 1700

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9
Q

A Czech biologist that described the nuclear membrane.

A

Jan Evangelista Purkinje

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10
Q

Who introduced the term nucleus after examination of epidermal cells of some orchids and some Asclepiadaceae

A

Robert Brown

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11
Q

He introduce the term protoplasm

A

Jan Evangelista Purkinje

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12
Q

Cell theory by Matthias Schleiden

A

Plant tissues are composed of cells and an embryonic plant arose from a single cell

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13
Q

Cell Theory by Theodore Schwann

A

plants and animals were composed of cells

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14
Q

Rudolph Virchow Cell Theory Contribution

A

Cells came from pre-existing cells

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15
Q

French pathologist that discovered 21 texture types of tissues.

A

Marie Francois Bichat

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16
Q

Father of Modern Histology

A

Marie Francois Bichat

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17
Q

The first histologist, an Italian anatomist, is considered the true “Father of Histology”

A

Marcello Malpighi

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18
Q

What did Marcello Malpighi discover?

A

Microscopic Examination of Structures
Capillaries

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19
Q

What is the definition of a tissue?

A

Tissue is each of the elementary multicellular components, microscopically and functionally distinct, that constitutes either animals or plants where they associate to form organs and systems.

20
Q

Why study histology?

A

To be able o identify abnormal tissues from normal tissues. For Diagnostic Purposes

21
Q

Histology should illuminate other disciplines, state atleast three

A

Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry

22
Q

The three tasks of Microscopy

A
  1. Produce a magnified image
  2. Separate the details in the image
  3. Render the details visible to the human eye or camera.
23
Q

T or F
Microscopes increase resolution

A

True

24
Q

The distance between the front end of a microscope objective and the. surface of the workpiece at which the sharpest focusing is obtained.

A

Working Distance

25
Q

T or F
Specimens must be made to CONTRASTsharply with their medium.

A

True

26
Q

How is contrast attained?

A

By changing the refractive index of the specimen from their medium by staining them.

27
Q

This is the measure of the light-bending ability of a medium

A

Refractive index

28
Q

These focus light rays at a specific place called the focal point

A

Lenses

29
Q

This is the distance between the center of the lens and the focal point

A

Focal Length

30
Q

The strength of the lens is related to focal length, which means?

A

Shorter focal length means more magnification

31
Q

A microscope that gives a three-dimensional view of an object and is commonly used for dissections

A

Stereoscopic Microscope

32
Q

Types of Light Microscopes

A

BDPDFCTS

33
Q

Produces a dark image against a brighter background, has several objective lenses, and is used to view stained organisms.

A

Bright Field Microscopes

34
Q

Produces a bright image of an object against a dark background.

It uses a ________ that contains an ___________ that blocks light from entering the objectives.

It is used to observe ________, __________ preparations.

A

Dark Field Microscope

Darkfield condenser; opaque disk

living

35
Q

Produces high-contrast images of transparent specimen.

It utilizes the __________ to convert phase differences into alterations in brightness

Specimen is illuminated by light passing through an __________

Used to observe intact, living and unstained cells

Living cells can be examined.

A

Phase-Contrast Microscope

Phase Plate

Annular Diaphragm

36
Q

It creates an image by detecting the differences in refractive indices and thickness of different specimen parts.

Uses _______ beams of light instead of one

With _______ that split each light beam adding contrasting color to the specimen, thus higher resolution than phase-contrast

Image is brightly colored and appears _____

An excellent way to observe living cells

A

Differential Interference Contrast Microscope

Two

prism

3D

37
Q

Exposes specimen to ultraviolet, violet, or blue light.

The phenomenon of ___________ with the use of _________

Principal use is a diagnostic technique called _____________; which can detect pathogens even within cells, tissues, or clinical specimens; specially useful in diagnosing syphillis and rabies.

A

Fluorescence Microscope

Fluorescence; Fluorochromes

Fluorescent-antibody technique

38
Q

It is a scanning laser microscope.

It uses ________ to illuminate spots on the specimen.

It is stained with__________ so they emit or return light

Used on specimens that are too ________ for a light microscope.

A

Confocal Microscopy

Laser beam

Fluorochromes

Thick

39
Q

Allows the visualization of living tissue at depths unachievable with conventional (one-photon) fluorescence or confocal microscopy

Uses _____________ or red light, thus two photons instead of one are needed to excite the fluorochrome to emit light.

Can image cells in detail only to a depth of less than 100Micrometer

Advantage: _________________________________________________________________________

A

Two-Photon Microscopy

Long Wavelength

It can track the activity of cells in real time

40
Q

It consists of interpreting the action of a sound wave sent through a specimen.

Used to study ________________________________ such as cancer cells, artery plaque, and bacterial biofilms that foul equipment.

A

Scanning Acoustic Microscopy

living cells attached to another surface

41
Q

It is used to magnify thin sections of a specimen

used to image?

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

Interior or cells
Structure of protein molecules
Organization of molecules in viruses and cytoskeletal filaments
Arrangement of protein molecules in cell membranes

42
Q

Produces ______________ of specimen’s surface features

Used in studying the surface structures of intact cells and viruses

It can also be used for particle counting and size determination, and for process control

A

Scanning Electron Microscope

3-dimensional image; surface features

43
Q

Difference of Optical microscope and Electron Microscope bases on Light source, preparation of specimen, lense material, and formed image

A

UV Light; Beam of very fast moving Electrons

Specimen as it is, Specimen is specially prepared and held inside a vacuum chamber

Lens is made of Glass; Lenses are replaced by a series of coil-shaped electromagnets

Image seen through eyepiece; Image formed as a micrograph

44
Q

Used to map atomic and molecular shapes to characterize magnetic and chemical properties

Used to determine temperature variations inside cells.

A

Scanning Probe Microscope

Atomic; Molecular

45
Q

A non-optical microscope works by scanning an electrical probe tip over the surface of a sample at constant pacing.

_________ scans a specimen and produces an image revealing bumps and depressions of atoms on the surface of the specimen.

Used to provide detailed views of molecules such as DNA.

A

Scanning tunneling microscopy

Thin metal probe

46
Q

A very high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy with demonstrated resolution in the order of fractions of a __________, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit.

A

Atomic Force Microscopy

HISTOLOGY AND HISTOTECHNIQUE (4 decks)

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