Quiz Flashcards
1
Q
there was a direct correlation between a person’s age and the degree of respect to which he or she was entitled.
A
- TIME OF CONFUCIUS
2
Q
dreaded growing old and experimented with a variety of potions and schemes to maintain their youth.
A
- EARLY EGYPTIANS
3
Q
Plato and aristotle what time?
A
- EARLY GREEKS:
4
Q
promoted older adults as society’s best leaders
A
Plato
5
Q
denied older people any role in governmental matters
A
Aristotle
6
Q
- the sick and aged were customarily the first to be killed.
A
Roman empire
7
Q
the Bible is God’s concern for the well-being of the family and desire for people to respect elders (Honor your father and your mother … Exodus 20:12). Yet, the honor bestowed on older adults was not sustained.
A
Christians
8
Q
gave rise to strong feelings regarding the superiority of youth; these feelings were expressed in uprisings of sons against fathers.
A
Medieval times
9
Q
what law develop in england and what does it mean?
A
Poor Laws in the early 17th century , that provided care for the destitute and enabled older persons without family resources to have some modest safety net.
10
Q
No labor laws protected persons of advanced age; those unable to meet the demands of industrial work settings were placed at the mercy of their offspring or forced to beg on the streets for sustenance.
A
England
11
Q
developed Poor Laws in the early 17th century that provided care for the destitute and enabled older persons without family resources to have some modest safety net.
A
England
12
Q
Who is burnside?
A
found 23 writings including the works of Lavina Dock, with a focus on older adults and covering such topics as rural nursing, almshouses and private duty nursing, as well as early case studies and clinical issues addressing home care.
13
Q
What year does burside include?
A
- Between 1900 & 1940
14
Q
what does burnside discovered? that was written in what year?
A
- He also discovered an anonymous column in AJN entitled “Care of the Aged” that was written in 1925, one of the earliest references to the need for a specialty in older adult care.
15
Q
one of the earliest references to the need for a specialty in older adult care.
A
“Care of the Aged”
16
Q
what year Conducted an extensive review of the American Journal of Nursing (AJN) for historic materials related to gerontologic nursing
A
1988
17
Q
how americans improve lives of older people?
A
the Federal Old Age Insurance Law under the Social Security Act in 1935, which provided some financial security for older persons
18
Q
The profound “graying” of the population started to be realized in the
A
1960
19
Q
United States responded with the formation of the ALL IN WHAT YEAR?
A
Administration on Aging, enactment of the Older Americans Act, and the introduction of Medicaid and Medicare ALL IN 1965
20
Q
eriatric nursing conference group was established during the American Nurses Association (ANA) convention.
A
1962
21
Q
IN 1966 ANA established the division of Geriratric Nursing Practice and defined geriatric nursing as
A
” concerned with the assessment of nursing needs of older people; planning and implementing nursing care to meet those needs; and evaluating effectiveness of such care”
22
Q
1976-the Division of Geriatric Nursing was changed to the
A
division of Gerontologic Nursing Practice to reflect the nursing roles of providing care to healthy, ill and frail older person.
23
Q
the division became the council of Gerontologic Nursing to encompass issues beyond clinical practice.
A
1984
24
Q
Formation of specialty group for geriatric nurses is recommended by ANA.
A
1961
25
First National meeting of the ANA Conference on Geriatric Nursing Practice , American Nurse’s Foundation receives a grant for a workshop on the aged.
1962
26
IN 1962 what is first research in geriatric nursing is published in England
(Norton D et al: An investigation of geriatric nursing problems in hospital, London 1962, National Corporation for the Care of Old People).
27
First gerontologic clinical specialist nursing program is developed at
Duke University by Virginia Stone.
28
Geriatric Nursing Division of the ANA is formed; a monograph is published, entitled Exploring Progress in Geriatric Nursing Practice.
1966
29
is the first nurse to present a paper at the International Congress of Gerontology in Washington D.C.
Laurie gunter
30
First gerontologic nursing interest group, Geriatric Nursing is formed.
1968
31
Standard of geriatric nursing practice is first established.
1970
32
First gerontological clinical nurse specialist graduate from Duke University.
1970
33
from the Greek geras, meaning
Old age
34
rom the Greek geron, meaning
Old man
35
is the branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and problems of old age.
Geriatrics
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the scientific study of the process of aging and the problems of aged persons; it includes biologic, sociologic, psychologic, and economic aspects
Gerontology
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this specialty of nursing involves assessing the health and functional status of the older adults, planning and implementing health care and services to meet the identified needs , and evaluating the effectiveness of such care
Gerontologic nursing
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is the term most often used by nurses specializing in this field.
Gerontologic nursing
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IMPACT OF AN AGING ADULT POPULATION ON GERONTOLOGIC NURSING or CHALLNGES
1.Solidify the specialty as a major force within the health care arena
2.Participate in the development of an appropriate health care delivery framework for older adults that consider their unique needs
40
ROLES OF NURSES:
Guide persons of all ages toward a healthy aging process.
Eliminate ageism.
Respect the rights of older adults and ensure others do the same.
Oversee and promote the quality of service delivery.
Notice and reduce risks to health and well-being.
Teach and support caregivers.
Open channels for continued growth.
Listen and support.
Offer optimism, encouragement, and hope.
Generate, support, use, disseminate, and participate in research.
Implement restorative and rehabilitative measures.
Coordinate and manage care.
Assess, plan, implement, and evaluate care in an individualized, holistic manner.
Link services with needs.
Nurture future gerontological nurses for advancement of the specialty.
41
WHAT AGE the beginning of late life primarily for the purpose of determining a point for retirement and eligibility for services and financial entitlements for the elderly.
60-65
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a being with richly diverse and unique array of internal and external variables that ultimately influence how the person thinks and acts.
OLDER CLIENT
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WHAT AGE IT OCCUR WHEN YOU CALLED:
young-old:
old:
oldest-old:
young-old: 65 to 74 years
old: 75 to 84 years
oldest-old: 85+
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The years a person has lived since birth
FUNCTIONAL AGE
45
DESCRIBE FUNCTIONAL AGE
To describe physical, psychological, and social function; this is relevant in that how older adults feel and function may be more indicative of their needs than their chronological age.
46
is another term that is used to describe how people estimate a person’s age based on appearance.
Perceived Age
47
fACTORS AFFECTING THE INCREASE OF OLDER ADULT POPULATION
Reduced infant and child mortality as a result of improved sanitation
Advances in vaccination
And development of antibiotics
Large influx of immigrants
48
ADVANCING AGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH:
Increased incidence of chronic disease
Greater vulnerability to illness and injury
Diminished physical functioning
Increased likelihood of developing cognitive impairment
49
is to help make sense of a particular phenomenon; they provide sense of order and give perspective from which to view facts.
theories
50
Concerned with answering basic questions regarding physiologic process that occur in all living organisms over time.
Biologic theory of aging
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these theories generally view aging as occurring from molecular, cellular or even a system point of view
Biologic theory of aging
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the foci of biologic theories include explanations of the following:
1.Deleterious effects leading to decreasing function of the organism
2.Gradually occurring age related changes that are progressive over time
3.Intrinsic changes that can affect all members of a species because of chronologic age.
53
2 DIVISIONS OF BIOLOGIC THEORY
1. STOCHASTIC THEORY
2. NONSTOCHASTIC THEORY
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aging as an event that occur randomly and accumulate over time.
STOCHASTIC THEORY
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view aging as certain predetermined, time phenomena.
NONSTOCHASTIC THEORY
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ERROR THEORY – ALSO called
“Error Catastrophe Theory”
57
DIFFERENCE OF THE A.STOCHASTIC THEORIES:
1.ERROR THEORY – called “Error Catastrophe Theory” this idea is based that errors can occur in the transcription of the synthesis of DNA. These errors are perpetuated and eventually lead to system that do not function at the optimum level. The organism’s aging and death are attributable to these events
2.FREE RADICAL THEORY – free radicals are byproducts of metabolism. When these byproducts accumulate, they damage the cell membrane, which decreases its efficiency. The body produces antioxidants that scavenge the free radicals.
3.CROSS LINKAGE THEORY -with age according to this theory some proteins in the body become cross linked. This does not allow for normal metabolic activities and waste products accumulate in the cell. The end result is that tissues do not function at optimum efficiency.
4.WEAR & TEAR- equates human with machines. It hypothesizes that aging is the result of use.
58
DIFFERENCE OF THE NONSTOCHASTIC THEORIES:
1.PROGRAMMED THEORY – normal cells divide a limited number of times; therefore they hypothesized that life expectancy was programmed.
2.IMMUNITY THEORY- changes occur in the immune system, specifically in the T Lymphocytes, as a result of aging. These changes leave the individual more vulnerable to disease.
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EMERGING THEORIES
BIOLOGIC THEORIES
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IMPORTANT IN NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL OR PACEMAKER THEORY
Scientist are studying the roles that the hypothalamus and the hormones DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) & melatonin play in the aging process.
61
neuroendocrine systems controls many essential activities with regard to growth and development. Scientist are studying the roles that the hypothalamus and the hormones DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) & melatonin play in the aging process.
NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL OR PACEMAKER THEORY
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the role of metabolism in the aging process is being investigated
B.METABOLIC THEORY OF AGING/CALORIC RESTRICTION
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B.METABOLIC THEORY OF AGING/CALORIC RESTRICTION
all organism have a finite metabolic lifetime and that organisms with higher metabolic rate have a shorter life span.
64
C.DNA RELATED RESEARCH two developments are occurring at this time in relationship to DNA and the aging process.
First, as scientist continue to map the human gernome, they are identifying certain genes that play a role in the aging process.
Second is the discovery of the telemores, located at the ends of chromosomes, which may function as biologic clock.
65
Development does not end when a person reaches adulthood, but remains dynamic process throughout the life span.
PHYSOLOGIC THEORY
66
Influence by both biology and sociology
PHYSOLOGIC THEORY
67
viewed as hierarchy of needs that are critical to the growth and development of all people.
HUMAN MOTIVATION
68
are viewed as active participants in life, striving for self actualization.
INDIVIDUAL
69
B.JUNG’S THEORY OF INDIVIDUALISM
development is viewed
as occurring throughout adulthood, with self realization as the goal of personality development.
70
as an individual ages he or she is capable of transforming onto a more spiritual being.
B.JUNG’S THEORY OF INDIVIDUALISM
71
Individual always have within themselves an opportunity to rework a previous psychosocial stage into a more successful outcome
ERIKSON’S 8 STAGES OF LIFE
72
WHAT ARE THE 8 STAGES OF LIFE?
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy from birth to 18 months)
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years from 18 months to three years)
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years from three to five)
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle school years from six to 11)
Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion (Teen years from 12 to 18)
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult years from 18 to 40)
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle age from 40 to 65)
Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Older adulthood from 65 to death)
73
Final three of these developmental tasks identified for old age are:
Ego differentiation vs body preoccupation
Body transcendence vs body preoccupation
Ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation
74
physical capacity diminishes with age
SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION
75
an individual who ages successfully compensates for these deficits through selection, optimization and compensation.
SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION
76
An older individual is the best judge of his or her own success in achieving the first two assumptions.
SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION
77
being active, trying to maintain a sense of being middle aged or willingly withdrawing from society does not necessarily bring happiness.
Continuity theory
78
Focus on changing roles and relationships
SOCIOLOGIC THEORY
79
Relate to the social adaptions in the lives of older adults.
SOCIOLOGIC THEORY
80
aging as a developmental task in and itself, with its own norms and appropriate patterns of behavior.
DISENGAGEMENT THEORY
81
Individual would change from being centered on society and interacting in the community of being self centered persons withdrawing from society, by virtue of becoming old.
Disengagement theory
82
sees activity as necessary to maintain a person’s life satisfaction and positive self concept
ACTIVITY THEORY OR DEVELOPMETAL TASK THEORY
83
ACTIVITY THEORY OR DEVELOPMETAL TASK THEORY Based on 3 assumptions:
It is better to active than inactive
It is better to be happy than unhappy
An older individual is the best judge of his or her own success in achieving the first two assumptions.
84
aging person is an individual element of the society and also a member, with peers interacting in a social process.
AGE STRATIFICATION
85
age stratification 5 major concepts of the theory:
Each individual progress through society in groups of cohorts that are collectively aging socially, biologically, and psychologically
New cohorts are continually being born and each of them experiences their own unique sense of history
Society itself can be divided into various strata according to the parameters of age and roles
Not only are people and roles within every stratum continuously changing, but so is society at large
The interaction between individual aging people and the entire society is not stagnant but remain dynamic.
86
examines the concept of interrelationships among the competencies of a group of persons, older adults and their society or environment.
E. PERSON ENVIRONMENT FIT THEORY
87
Lawton identified these personal competencies as including ego strength, motor skills, individual biologic health and cognitive and sensory perceptual capacities.
E. PERSON ENVIRONMENT FIT THEORY
88
as a person ages, the environment becomes more threatening and he or she may feel incompetent dealing with it.
E. PERSON ENVIRONMENT FIT THEORY
89
Illness, a life crisis or even the recognition that our days on earth are limited may cause a person to contemplate spirituality
MORAL/SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
90
The nurse can assist the client in finding meaning of their life crisis
MORAL/SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
91
Spirituality is part of
Holistic care
MORAL/SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
92
form of maltreatment by someone who has special relationship to the person
Domestic elder abuse
93
occurs in residential institution such as nursing facilities, usually by someone who is paid caregiver, nursing staff and other staff members
o Institutional elder abuse
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3 basic categories of elder abuse
o Domestic elder abuse
o Institutional elder abuse
o Self neglect or self abuse
95
7 Different kinds of Elder Abuse what are their differences
o Physical Abuse -use of physical force that may result in bodily injury, physical pain or impairement
o Sexual Abuse – nonconsensual sexual contract of any kind with an older adult
o Emotional Abuse – infliction of anguish, pain, pain or distress through verbal or non verbal acts
o Financial and material exploitation – illegal or improper use of an elder’s fund, property and asset
o Neglect – the refusal or failure of a person to fulfill any part of his or her obligations or duties to an older adult
o Abandonment – the desertion of an older by an individual who has physical custody of the elder or by a person who has assumed responsibility for providing care to the elder
o Self neglect – behaviors of an older adult that threaten the elder’s health or safety
96
Common cause of abuse
Care giver stress – physical and emotional demand of the work
97
Signs and symptoms of abuse:
o Bruises, wounds and fractures
o Sudden change of behavior
o Unexplained genital bruises and vaginal bleeding
o Living in unclean conditions
o Malnourished dehydrated
o Unexplained disappearance of fund or valuable possesions
98
The right to self-determination has its basis in the doctrine of informed consent.
AUTONOMY & SELF DETERMINATION
99
is the process by which competent individuals are provided with information that enables them to make a reasonable decision about any treatment or intervention that is to be performed on them.
Informed consent
100
Standard of disclosure includes:
o Diagnosis
o Nature and the purpose of the treatment
o The risks of the treatment
o The probability of the success of the treatment
o Available treatment alternatives
o Consequences of not receiving the treatment
101
– one who is able to understand the proposed treatment or procedure and thereby make an informed decision.
COMPETENT
102
When the person is not competent, the decision may be made by surrogate, which known as
“Substituted”
103
Specific order from a Physician, entered on the Physician order sheet, which instruct health care providers not to use or order specific methods of therapy, which are referred to as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
DNR
104
Are documents that permit people to set forth in writing their wishes and preferences regarding health care.
D. ADVANCE MEDICAL DIRECTIVES
105
It is use to indicate their decisions when they are unable to speak for themselves.
ADVANCE MEDICAL DIRECTIVES
106
It permits people to designate someone to convey their wishes in the event they are rendered unable to do so.
ADVANCE MEDICAL DIRECTIVES
107
Aid in dying such as deliberate administration of drug
EUTHANASIA /ASSISTED SUICIDE
108
ADVANCE MEDICAL DIRECTIVES ISSUES:
o It is not operative until the client is no longer capable of decision making
o The policy of the provider or the judgement of the treating Physician may not be in accord of the client wishes.
109
EXPERIMENTATION AND RESEARCH Permit waiving the right to informed consent under the following specific circumstances:
o There will be no adverse effects on the rights and welfare of the subject
o The research could not be effectively be carried out without the waiver
o Whenever is possible the participants are provided with pertinent information during or after the participation
110
Standard of inform consent must be adhered to with respect to both donors and recipients
organ donation
111
is a multidimensional, multidisciplinary diagnostic instrument designed to collect data on the medical, psychosocial and functional capabilities and limitations of elderly patients
geriatric assessment
112
The geriatric assessment incorporates all aspects of a conventional medical history including
demographic data, chief complaint, present illness, past and current medical problems, family and social history, and review of systems
113
Loss of near vision__________________ Loss of central vision Loss of peripheral vision Glare from lights at night Eye pain
(presbyopia)
114
Visual Possible problems
Common with age macular degeneration glaucoma, stroke cataracts glaucoma, temporal arteritis
115
Hearing loss Loss of high-frequency range
(presbycussis)
116
Auditory possible problems
Acoustic neuroma, cerumen, Paget's disease, drug-induced ototoxicity common with age
117
symptoms of cardiovascular?
Difficulty eating or sleeping, over-fatigue, shortness of breath, orthopnea
118
Possbile problems of CV
congestive heart failure (CHF)
119
Pulmonary symptoms and posssible problems
Chronic cough, shortness of Breath AND chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
120
GI SYMPTOMS AND POSSSBILE EPROBLEMS
Constipation
Fecal incontinence
Hypothyroidism, dehydration, hypokalemia, colorectal cancer, inadequate fiber, inactivity, drugs fecal impaction, rectal carcinoma
121
genito urinary symptoms and possbile problems
Urinary frequency, hesitancy Urinary incontinence
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) estrogen deficiency, destrusor instability, BPH
122
Musculoskeletalsymptoms and possbile problems
Proximal muscle pain/weakness Joint pain Back pain
Polymylagia rheumatica osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthritis, osteoporotic compression fracture, cancer
123
Neurologic/ Psychiatric symptoms and possbile problems
Syncope Transient loss of power, sensation or speech
Persistent aphasia or dysarthria Disturbance of gait Insomnia Loss of memory
Postural hypotension, seizure, cardiac dysrythmia, aortic stenosis, hypoglycemia transient ischemic attack
Stroke Parkinson's disease, stroke circadian rhythm disturbance, drugs, sleep apnea, mood disorder Alzheimer’s disease, multiinfarct dementia
124
Extremities symptoms and possbile problems
Leg and foot swelling Leg pain
Osteoarthritis, radiculopathy, intermittent claudication, night cramps CHF, venous insufficiency
125
Weight change symptoms
Refer to Nutritional Evaluation below
125
