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Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

there was a direct correlation between a person’s age and the degree of respect to which he or she was entitled.

A
  • TIME OF CONFUCIUS
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2
Q

dreaded growing old and experimented with a variety of potions and schemes to maintain their youth.

A
  • EARLY EGYPTIANS
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3
Q

Plato and aristotle what time?

A
  • EARLY GREEKS:
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4
Q

promoted older adults as society’s best leaders

A

Plato

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5
Q

denied older people any role in governmental matters

A

Aristotle

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6
Q
  • the sick and aged were customarily the first to be killed.
A

Roman empire

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7
Q

the Bible is God’s concern for the well-being of the family and desire for people to respect elders (Honor your father and your mother … Exodus 20:12). Yet, the honor bestowed on older adults was not sustained.

A

Christians

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8
Q

gave rise to strong feelings regarding the superiority of youth; these feelings were expressed in uprisings of sons against fathers.

A

Medieval times

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9
Q

what law develop in england and what does it mean?

A

Poor Laws in the early 17th century , that provided care for the destitute and enabled older persons without family resources to have some modest safety net.

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10
Q

No labor laws protected persons of advanced age; those unable to meet the demands of industrial work settings were placed at the mercy of their offspring or forced to beg on the streets for sustenance.

A

England

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11
Q

developed Poor Laws in the early 17th century that provided care for the destitute and enabled older persons without family resources to have some modest safety net.

A

England

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12
Q

Who is burnside?

A

found 23 writings including the works of Lavina Dock, with a focus on older adults and covering such topics as rural nursing, almshouses and private duty nursing, as well as early case studies and clinical issues addressing home care.

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13
Q

What year does burside include?

A
  • Between 1900 & 1940
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14
Q

what does burnside discovered? that was written in what year?

A
  • He also discovered an anonymous column in AJN entitled “Care of the Aged” that was written in 1925, one of the earliest references to the need for a specialty in older adult care.
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15
Q

one of the earliest references to the need for a specialty in older adult care.

A

“Care of the Aged”

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16
Q

what year Conducted an extensive review of the American Journal of Nursing (AJN) for historic materials related to gerontologic nursing

A

1988

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17
Q

how americans improve lives of older people?

A

the Federal Old Age Insurance Law under the Social Security Act in 1935, which provided some financial security for older persons

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18
Q

The profound “graying” of the population started to be realized in the

A

1960

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19
Q

United States responded with the formation of the ALL IN WHAT YEAR?

A

Administration on Aging, enactment of the Older Americans Act, and the introduction of Medicaid and Medicare ALL IN 1965

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20
Q

eriatric nursing conference group was established during the American Nurses Association (ANA) convention.

A

1962

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21
Q

IN 1966 ANA established the division of Geriratric Nursing Practice and defined geriatric nursing as

A

” concerned with the assessment of nursing needs of older people; planning and implementing nursing care to meet those needs; and evaluating effectiveness of such care”

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22
Q

1976-the Division of Geriatric Nursing was changed to the

A

division of Gerontologic Nursing Practice to reflect the nursing roles of providing care to healthy, ill and frail older person.

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23
Q

the division became the council of Gerontologic Nursing to encompass issues beyond clinical practice.

A

1984

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24
Q

Formation of specialty group for geriatric nurses is recommended by ANA.

A

1961

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25
Q

First National meeting of the ANA Conference on Geriatric Nursing Practice , American Nurse’s Foundation receives a grant for a workshop on the aged.

A

1962

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26
Q

IN 1962 what is first research in geriatric nursing is published in England

A

(Norton D et al: An investigation of geriatric nursing problems in hospital, London 1962, National Corporation for the Care of Old People).

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27
Q

First gerontologic clinical specialist nursing program is developed at

A

Duke University by Virginia Stone.

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28
Q

Geriatric Nursing Division of the ANA is formed; a monograph is published, entitled Exploring Progress in Geriatric Nursing Practice.

A

1966

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29
Q

is the first nurse to present a paper at the International Congress of Gerontology in Washington D.C.

A

Laurie gunter

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30
Q

First gerontologic nursing interest group, Geriatric Nursing is formed.

A

1968

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31
Q

Standard of geriatric nursing practice is first established.

A

1970

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32
Q

First gerontological clinical nurse specialist graduate from Duke University.

A

1970

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33
Q

from the Greek geras, meaning

A

Old age

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34
Q

rom the Greek geron, meaning

A

Old man

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35
Q

is the branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and problems of old age.

A

Geriatrics

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36
Q

the scientific study of the process of aging and the problems of aged persons; it includes biologic, sociologic, psychologic, and economic aspects

A

Gerontology

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37
Q

this specialty of nursing involves assessing the health and functional status of the older adults, planning and implementing health care and services to meet the identified needs , and evaluating the effectiveness of such care

A

Gerontologic nursing

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38
Q

is the term most often used by nurses specializing in this field.

A

Gerontologic nursing

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39
Q

IMPACT OF AN AGING ADULT POPULATION ON GERONTOLOGIC NURSING or CHALLNGES

A

1.Solidify the specialty as a major force within the health care arena
2.Participate in the development of an appropriate health care delivery framework for older adults that consider their unique needs

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40
Q

ROLES OF NURSES:

A

Guide persons of all ages toward a healthy aging process.

Eliminate ageism.

Respect the rights of older adults and ensure others do the same.

Oversee and promote the quality of service delivery.

Notice and reduce risks to health and well-being.

Teach and support caregivers.

Open channels for continued growth.

Listen and support.

Offer optimism, encouragement, and hope.

Generate, support, use, disseminate, and participate in research.

Implement restorative and rehabilitative measures.

Coordinate and manage care.

Assess, plan, implement, and evaluate care in an individualized, holistic manner.

Link services with needs.

Nurture future gerontological nurses for advancement of the specialty.

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41
Q

WHAT AGE the beginning of late life primarily for the purpose of determining a point for retirement and eligibility for services and financial entitlements for the elderly.

A

60-65

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42
Q

a being with richly diverse and unique array of internal and external variables that ultimately influence how the person thinks and acts.

A

OLDER CLIENT

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43
Q

WHAT AGE IT OCCUR WHEN YOU CALLED:
young-old:
old:
oldest-old:

A

young-old: 65 to 74 years
old: 75 to 84 years
oldest-old: 85+

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44
Q

The years a person has lived since birth

A

FUNCTIONAL AGE

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45
Q

DESCRIBE FUNCTIONAL AGE

A

To describe physical, psychological, and social function; this is relevant in that how older adults feel and function may be more indicative of their needs than their chronological age.

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46
Q

is another term that is used to describe how people estimate a person’s age based on appearance.

A

Perceived Age

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47
Q

fACTORS AFFECTING THE INCREASE OF OLDER ADULT POPULATION

A

Reduced infant and child mortality as a result of improved sanitation
Advances in vaccination
And development of antibiotics
Large influx of immigrants

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48
Q

ADVANCING AGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH:

A

Increased incidence of chronic disease
Greater vulnerability to illness and injury
Diminished physical functioning
Increased likelihood of developing cognitive impairment

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49
Q

is to help make sense of a particular phenomenon; they provide sense of order and give perspective from which to view facts.

A

theories

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50
Q

Concerned with answering basic questions regarding physiologic process that occur in all living organisms over time.

A

Biologic theory of aging

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51
Q

these theories generally view aging as occurring from molecular, cellular or even a system point of view

A

Biologic theory of aging

52
Q

the foci of biologic theories include explanations of the following:

A

1.Deleterious effects leading to decreasing function of the organism
2.Gradually occurring age related changes that are progressive over time
3.Intrinsic changes that can affect all members of a species because of chronologic age.

53
Q

2 DIVISIONS OF BIOLOGIC THEORY

A
  1. STOCHASTIC THEORY
  2. NONSTOCHASTIC THEORY
54
Q

aging as an event that occur randomly and accumulate over time.

A

STOCHASTIC THEORY

55
Q

view aging as certain predetermined, time phenomena.

A

NONSTOCHASTIC THEORY

56
Q

ERROR THEORY – ALSO called

A

“Error Catastrophe Theory”

57
Q

DIFFERENCE OF THE A.STOCHASTIC THEORIES:

A

1.ERROR THEORY – called “Error Catastrophe Theory” this idea is based that errors can occur in the transcription of the synthesis of DNA. These errors are perpetuated and eventually lead to system that do not function at the optimum level. The organism’s aging and death are attributable to these events
2.FREE RADICAL THEORY – free radicals are byproducts of metabolism. When these byproducts accumulate, they damage the cell membrane, which decreases its efficiency. The body produces antioxidants that scavenge the free radicals.
3.CROSS LINKAGE THEORY -with age according to this theory some proteins in the body become cross linked. This does not allow for normal metabolic activities and waste products accumulate in the cell. The end result is that tissues do not function at optimum efficiency.
4.WEAR & TEAR- equates human with machines. It hypothesizes that aging is the result of use.

58
Q

DIFFERENCE OF THE NONSTOCHASTIC THEORIES:

A

1.PROGRAMMED THEORY – normal cells divide a limited number of times; therefore they hypothesized that life expectancy was programmed.
2.IMMUNITY THEORY- changes occur in the immune system, specifically in the T Lymphocytes, as a result of aging. These changes leave the individual more vulnerable to disease.

59
Q

EMERGING THEORIES

A

BIOLOGIC THEORIES

60
Q

IMPORTANT IN NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL OR PACEMAKER THEORY

A

Scientist are studying the roles that the hypothalamus and the hormones DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) & melatonin play in the aging process.

61
Q

neuroendocrine systems controls many essential activities with regard to growth and development. Scientist are studying the roles that the hypothalamus and the hormones DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) & melatonin play in the aging process.

A

NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL OR PACEMAKER THEORY

62
Q

the role of metabolism in the aging process is being investigated

A

B.METABOLIC THEORY OF AGING/CALORIC RESTRICTION

63
Q

B.METABOLIC THEORY OF AGING/CALORIC RESTRICTION

A

all organism have a finite metabolic lifetime and that organisms with higher metabolic rate have a shorter life span.

64
Q

C.DNA RELATED RESEARCH two developments are occurring at this time in relationship to DNA and the aging process.

A

First, as scientist continue to map the human gernome, they are identifying certain genes that play a role in the aging process.
Second is the discovery of the telemores, located at the ends of chromosomes, which may function as biologic clock.

65
Q

Development does not end when a person reaches adulthood, but remains dynamic process throughout the life span.

A

PHYSOLOGIC THEORY

66
Q

Influence by both biology and sociology

A

PHYSOLOGIC THEORY

67
Q

viewed as hierarchy of needs that are critical to the growth and development of all people.

A

HUMAN MOTIVATION

68
Q

are viewed as active participants in life, striving for self actualization.

A

INDIVIDUAL

69
Q

B.JUNG’S THEORY OF INDIVIDUALISM
development is viewed

A

as occurring throughout adulthood, with self realization as the goal of personality development.

70
Q

as an individual ages he or she is capable of transforming onto a more spiritual being.

A

B.JUNG’S THEORY OF INDIVIDUALISM

71
Q

Individual always have within themselves an opportunity to rework a previous psychosocial stage into a more successful outcome

A

ERIKSON’S 8 STAGES OF LIFE

72
Q

WHAT ARE THE 8 STAGES OF LIFE?

A

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy from birth to 18 months)

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years from 18 months to three years)

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years from three to five)

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle school years from six to 11)

Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion (Teen years from 12 to 18)

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult years from 18 to 40)

Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle age from 40 to 65)

Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Older adulthood from 65 to death)

73
Q

Final three of these developmental tasks identified for old age are:

A

Ego differentiation vs body preoccupation
Body transcendence vs body preoccupation
Ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation

74
Q

physical capacity diminishes with age

A

SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION

75
Q

an individual who ages successfully compensates for these deficits through selection, optimization and compensation.

A

SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION

76
Q

An older individual is the best judge of his or her own success in achieving the first two assumptions.

A

SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION

77
Q

being active, trying to maintain a sense of being middle aged or willingly withdrawing from society does not necessarily bring happiness.

A

Continuity theory

78
Q

Focus on changing roles and relationships

A

SOCIOLOGIC THEORY

79
Q

Relate to the social adaptions in the lives of older adults.

A

SOCIOLOGIC THEORY

80
Q

aging as a developmental task in and itself, with its own norms and appropriate patterns of behavior.

A

DISENGAGEMENT THEORY

81
Q

Individual would change from being centered on society and interacting in the community of being self centered persons withdrawing from society, by virtue of becoming old.

A

Disengagement theory

82
Q

sees activity as necessary to maintain a person’s life satisfaction and positive self concept

A

ACTIVITY THEORY OR DEVELOPMETAL TASK THEORY

83
Q

ACTIVITY THEORY OR DEVELOPMETAL TASK THEORY Based on 3 assumptions:

A

It is better to active than inactive
It is better to be happy than unhappy
An older individual is the best judge of his or her own success in achieving the first two assumptions.

84
Q

aging person is an individual element of the society and also a member, with peers interacting in a social process.

A

AGE STRATIFICATION

85
Q

age stratification 5 major concepts of the theory:

A

Each individual progress through society in groups of cohorts that are collectively aging socially, biologically, and psychologically

New cohorts are continually being born and each of them experiences their own unique sense of history

Society itself can be divided into various strata according to the parameters of age and roles

Not only are people and roles within every stratum continuously changing, but so is society at large

The interaction between individual aging people and the entire society is not stagnant but remain dynamic.

86
Q

examines the concept of interrelationships among the competencies of a group of persons, older adults and their society or environment.

A

E. PERSON ENVIRONMENT FIT THEORY

87
Q

Lawton identified these personal competencies as including ego strength, motor skills, individual biologic health and cognitive and sensory perceptual capacities.

A

E. PERSON ENVIRONMENT FIT THEORY

88
Q

as a person ages, the environment becomes more threatening and he or she may feel incompetent dealing with it.

A

E. PERSON ENVIRONMENT FIT THEORY

89
Q

Illness, a life crisis or even the recognition that our days on earth are limited may cause a person to contemplate spirituality

A

MORAL/SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT

90
Q

The nurse can assist the client in finding meaning of their life crisis

A

MORAL/SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT

91
Q

Spirituality is part of

A

Holistic care
MORAL/SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT

92
Q

form of maltreatment by someone who has special relationship to the person

A

Domestic elder abuse

93
Q

occurs in residential institution such as nursing facilities, usually by someone who is paid caregiver, nursing staff and other staff members

A

o Institutional elder abuse

94
Q

3 basic categories of elder abuse

A

o Domestic elder abuse
o Institutional elder abuse
o Self neglect or self abuse

95
Q

 7 Different kinds of Elder Abuse what are their differences

A

o Physical Abuse -use of physical force that may result in bodily injury, physical pain or impairement
o Sexual Abuse – nonconsensual sexual contract of any kind with an older adult
o Emotional Abuse – infliction of anguish, pain, pain or distress through verbal or non verbal acts
o Financial and material exploitation – illegal or improper use of an elder’s fund, property and asset
o Neglect – the refusal or failure of a person to fulfill any part of his or her obligations or duties to an older adult
o Abandonment – the desertion of an older by an individual who has physical custody of the elder or by a person who has assumed responsibility for providing care to the elder
o Self neglect – behaviors of an older adult that threaten the elder’s health or safety

96
Q

 Common cause of abuse

A

Care giver stress – physical and emotional demand of the work

97
Q

 Signs and symptoms of abuse:

A

o Bruises, wounds and fractures
o Sudden change of behavior
o Unexplained genital bruises and vaginal bleeding
o Living in unclean conditions
o Malnourished dehydrated
o Unexplained disappearance of fund or valuable possesions

98
Q

The right to self-determination has its basis in the doctrine of informed consent.

A

AUTONOMY & SELF DETERMINATION

99
Q

is the process by which competent individuals are provided with information that enables them to make a reasonable decision about any treatment or intervention that is to be performed on them.

A

Informed consent

100
Q

Standard of disclosure includes:

A

o Diagnosis
o Nature and the purpose of the treatment
o The risks of the treatment
o The probability of the success of the treatment
o Available treatment alternatives
o Consequences of not receiving the treatment

101
Q

– one who is able to understand the proposed treatment or procedure and thereby make an informed decision.

A

COMPETENT

102
Q

 When the person is not competent, the decision may be made by surrogate, which known as

A

“Substituted”

103
Q

 Specific order from a Physician, entered on the Physician order sheet, which instruct health care providers not to use or order specific methods of therapy, which are referred to as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

A

DNR

104
Q

 Are documents that permit people to set forth in writing their wishes and preferences regarding health care.

A

D. ADVANCE MEDICAL DIRECTIVES

105
Q

 It is use to indicate their decisions when they are unable to speak for themselves.

A

ADVANCE MEDICAL DIRECTIVES

106
Q

 It permits people to designate someone to convey their wishes in the event they are rendered unable to do so.

A

ADVANCE MEDICAL DIRECTIVES

107
Q

 Aid in dying such as deliberate administration of drug

A

EUTHANASIA /ASSISTED SUICIDE

108
Q

ADVANCE MEDICAL DIRECTIVES  ISSUES:

A

o It is not operative until the client is no longer capable of decision making
o The policy of the provider or the judgement of the treating Physician may not be in accord of the client wishes.

109
Q

EXPERIMENTATION AND RESEARCH Permit waiving the right to informed consent under the following specific circumstances:

A

o There will be no adverse effects on the rights and welfare of the subject
o The research could not be effectively be carried out without the waiver
o Whenever is possible the participants are provided with pertinent information during or after the participation

110
Q

 Standard of inform consent must be adhered to with respect to both donors and recipients

A

organ donation

111
Q

is a multidimensional, multidisciplinary diagnostic instrument designed to collect data on the medical, psychosocial and functional capabilities and limitations of elderly patients

A

geriatric assessment

112
Q

 The geriatric assessment incorporates all aspects of a conventional medical history including

A

demographic data, chief complaint, present illness, past and current medical problems, family and social history, and review of systems

113
Q

Loss of near vision__________________ Loss of central vision Loss of peripheral vision Glare from lights at night Eye pain

A

(presbyopia)

114
Q

Visual Possible problems

A

Common with age macular degeneration glaucoma, stroke cataracts glaucoma, temporal arteritis

115
Q

Hearing loss Loss of high-frequency range

A

(presbycussis)

116
Q

Auditory possible problems

A

Acoustic neuroma, cerumen, Paget’s disease, drug-induced ototoxicity common with age

117
Q

symptoms of cardiovascular?

A

Difficulty eating or sleeping, over-fatigue, shortness of breath, orthopnea

118
Q

Possbile problems of CV

A

congestive heart failure (CHF)

119
Q

Pulmonary symptoms and posssible problems

A

Chronic cough, shortness of Breath AND chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

120
Q

GI SYMPTOMS AND POSSSBILE EPROBLEMS

A

Constipation
Fecal incontinence

Hypothyroidism, dehydration, hypokalemia, colorectal cancer, inadequate fiber, inactivity, drugs fecal impaction, rectal carcinoma

121
Q

genito urinary symptoms and possbile problems

A

Urinary frequency, hesitancy Urinary incontinence

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) estrogen deficiency, destrusor instability, BPH

122
Q

Musculoskeletalsymptoms and possbile problems

A

Proximal muscle pain/weakness Joint pain Back pain

Polymylagia rheumatica osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthritis, osteoporotic compression fracture, cancer

123
Q

Neurologic/ Psychiatric symptoms and possbile problems

A

Syncope Transient loss of power, sensation or speech
Persistent aphasia or dysarthria Disturbance of gait Insomnia Loss of memory

Postural hypotension, seizure, cardiac dysrythmia, aortic stenosis, hypoglycemia transient ischemic attack
Stroke Parkinson’s disease, stroke circadian rhythm disturbance, drugs, sleep apnea, mood disorder Alzheimer’s disease, multiinfarct dementia

124
Q

Extremities symptoms and possbile problems

A

Leg and foot swelling Leg pain

Osteoarthritis, radiculopathy, intermittent claudication, night cramps CHF, venous insufficiency

125
Q

Weight change symptoms

A

Refer to Nutritional Evaluation below

125
Q
A

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