Midterms

Question 1

Since both lean _________ decline with age, an older person’s energy requirement per kilogram of body weight is also reduced

Answer 1

body mass and basal metabolic rate

Question 2

 Dietary needs change with aging in several ways:

Answer 2

o People become less active, their metabolism slows, their energy requirement decreases, all of which mean that they need to eat less.
o Recent research demonstrates that because older adults’ abilities to absorb and utilize many nutrients become less efficient, their nutrient requirements (particularly as a function of body mass) actually increase.
o Tucker noted that as some of the previous speakers had discussed, chronic conditions and medications can affect nutrition requirements. For example, in addition to drug-nutrient interactions affecting drug metabolism, some drug-nutrient interactions are also nutrient wasting. This is especially true of the B vitamins.

Question 3

Several factors contribute to the older person’s reduced need for calories:

Answer 3

 The older body has less lean body mass and a relative increase in adipose tissue.
 Adipose tissue metabolizes more slowly than lean tissue and does not burn calories as quickly.
 Basal metabolic rate declines 2% for each decade of life after age 25, which contributes to weight increase when the same caloric intake of younger years is consumed.
 The activity level for most older adults is usually lower than that during their younger years.

Question 4

particularly important in the older adult’s diet.

Answer 4

Fiber

Question 5

what are the example of soluble fibers and what does it help for?

Answer 5

oats and pectin, help to lower serum cholesterol; improve glucose tolerance in diabetics; and prevent obesity, cardiovascular disease, and colorectal cancer

Question 6

what is insoluble fibers and example?

Answer 6

promote good bowel activity and can be found in grains and many vegetables and fruits.

Question 7

why do older client need to reduce carbohydrates intake?

Answer 7

because of decreased ability to maintain a regular blood glucose level, older adults need a reduced carbohydrate intake.

Question 7

provide important sources of energy and fiber.

Answer 7

Carbohydrates

Question 8

. A high-carbohydrate diet can stimulate that can cause?

Answer 8

an abnormally high release of insulin in older adults.

Question 9

• At least __________ of body weight is necessary to renew body protein and protoplasm and to maintain _______ .

Answer 9

• At least 1 g protein per kilogram of body weight is necessary to renew body protein and protoplasm and to maintain enzyme systems.

Question 10

• The ability to absorb calcium decreases with _________________, calcium is still required in the diet to maintain a healthy ____________ as well as to promote the _____ ______ ______________.

Answer 10

• The ability to absorb calcium decreases with age, calcium is still required in the diet to maintain a healthy musculoskeletal system, as well as to promote the proper functioning of the body’s blood clotting mechanisms.

Question 11

Elevated serum cholesterol is a risk factor for

Answer 11

coronary heart disease for both men and women

Question 11

A good intake of ________ and _________ facilitates calcium absorption.

Answer 11

A good intake of vitamin D and magnesium facilitates calcium absorption.

Question 11

o Dietary fat Atherogenic risk factors such as

Answer 11

increased blood pressure, blood lipids and glucose intolerance

Question 11

dietary fatsAtherogenic risk factors such as increased blood pressure, blood lipids and glucose intolerance all of which are significantly affected by dietary factors, play a significant role in the development of ____

Answer 11

Coronary heart disease

Question 11

Dietary fats can lead or associated with?

Answer 11

cancer of the colon, pancreas and prostate.

Question 12

Intervention trials have shown that reduction of blood pressure by _______ mm Hg reduces the risk of ________ by 40% and of ________by ____ , and that a _10% reduction of ________________ will reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by _______.

Answer 12

Intervention trials have shown that reduction of blood pressure by 6 mm Hg reduces the risk of stroke by 40% and of heart attack by 15%, and that a 10% reduction in blood cholesterol concentration will reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by 30%.

Question 13

Degenerative disease is associated with

Answer 13

cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis and cancer

Question 14

common in elderly people due to a number of factors such as their reduced food intake and a lack of variety in the foods they eat.

Answer 14

o Micronutrient deficiencies

Question 15

Price of foods rich in micronutrients - discourages their consumption, in effect older people often suffer from decreased ______ , which contributes to this group’s increased _____and_____

Answer 15

o Price of foods rich in micronutrients - discourages their consumption, in effect older people often suffer from decreased immune function, which contributes to this group’s increased morbidity and mortality.

Question 16

Relatively modest reductions in_________ , which would reduce blood pressure and cholesterol concentrations, could have a substantial effect on reducing the burden of______ .

Answer 16

Relatively modest reductions in saturated fat and salt intake, which would reduce blood pressure and cholesterol concentrations, could have a substantial effect on reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease.

Question 17

Increasing consumption of fruit and vegetables by _______ servings daily could cut ___________ by 30%.

Answer 17

Increasing consumption of fruit and vegetables by one to two servings daily could cut cardiovascular risk by 30%.

Question 18

Calcium deposits in

Answer 18

kidney and arteries

Question 19

Vit 12 def can cause?

Answer 19

Dementia

Question 20

, impaired ability to absorb other minerals

Answer 20

Renal Calculi

Question 21

High doses of potassium

Answer 21

cardiac arrest

Question 22

rank seventh as a cause of death for older people.

Answer 22

injuries

Question 23

can be used to mark the edges of stairs.

Answer 23

Sharply contrasting colors

Question 24

o Impaired Mobility - Common causes are

Answer 24

Parkinson’s disease, diabetic neuropathy, cardiovascular compromise, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and sensory deficits.

Question 25

Elderly patients should be encouraged to stay as active as possible to avoid

Answer 25

the downward spiral of immobility.

Question 26

When bed rest cannot be avoided, the patient should perform and the nurse should perform

Answer 26

When bed rest cannot be avoided, the patient should perform active range-of-motion and strengthening exercises with the unaffected extremities, and the nurse should perform passive range-of-motion exercises on the affected extremities.

Question 27

what action to provide to help offset hazards of immobility

Answer 27

Frequent position changes

Question 28

a sensation of disorientation in relation to position

Answer 28

Dizziness

Question 29

a spinning sensation

Answer 29

Vertigo

Question 30

minor sensation of dizziness is cause of

Answer 30

a buildup of ear wax

Question 31

major sensation of dizziness is cause of?

Answer 31

dysfunction of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, proprioceptive receptors, or the vestibular system.

Question 32

is a common and preventable source of mortality and morbidity in older adults.

Answer 32

Falling

Question 33

 Normal and pathologic consequences of aging that contribute to increased falls include

Answer 33

 visual changes such as loss of depth perception, susceptibility to glare, loss of visual acuity, and difficulty in light accommodation.  Neurologic changes include loss of balance, dizziness, loss of position sense, and delayed reaction time  Cardiovascular changes may result in cerebral hypoxia and postural hypotension.  Cognitive changes include confusion, loss of judgment, and impulsive behavior.  Musculoskeletal changes include altered posture and decreased muscle strength.

Question 34

The most common fracture occurring from a fall is

Answer 34

Hip fracture

Question 35

Decrease ability to sea near objects

Answer 35

Presbyopia

Question 36

what is the environemnt impact when the cornea less translucent, transmits less light

Answer 36

More external light needed to produce adequate image on the retina

Question 37

Decrease opacity of sclera

Answer 37

, allow more lights to enter in the eye

Question 38

when Yellowing of lens what is the environemental impact

Answer 38

Distorted color vision, particularly beige, brown, blue, green, violet

Question 39

Macular degeneration environemental impact

Answer 39

Vision more difficult, more magnification needed

Question 40

Distortion of normal sounds

Answer 40

Presbycusis

Question 41

Creating such an environment requires considering

Answer 41

considering lighting, temperature, colors, scents, floor coverings, furniture, sensory stimulation, noise control, bathroom hazards, and psychosocial factors.

Question 42

light affects the following:

Answer 42

- Function. An individual may be more mobile and participate in more activities in a brightly lit area, whereas a person in a dim room may be more sedate. - Orientation. An individual may lose the perspective of time in a room that is constantly lit or darkened for long periods. For example, persons exposed to the bright lighting in intensive care units for several days often cannot determine if it is day or night. A person who awakens in a pitch-dark room may be disoriented for a few seconds. - Mood and behavior. Blinking psychedelic lights cause a different reaction from candlelight. In restaurants, customers are quieter and eat more slowly with soft, low illumination levels than with harsh, high ones.

Question 43

The recommended room temperature for an older person should not be lower than

Answer 43

75°F (24°C).

Question 44

temperatures less than ___________ can lead to hypothermia in older adults.

Answer 44

temperatures less than 70°F (21°C) can lead to hypothermia in older adults.

Question 45

o Colors such as red, yellow, and white

Answer 45

white can be stimulating and increase pulse, blood pressure, and appetite

Question 46

whereas blue, brown, and earth tones

Answer 46

can be relaxing

Question 47

Orange can stimulate

Answer 47

appetite

Question 48

violet can stimulate

Answer 48

Decrease appetite

Question 49

Green is considered

Answer 49

master healer color and gives a sense of well-being

Question 50

. Black and gray can be

Answer 50

depressing

Question 51

Contrasting colors are helpful in defining

Answer 51

doors, stairs, and level changes within an area.

Question 52

Certain colors may be used to define different areas; for example, bedrooms may be _____and______, eating and activity areas ______and ______, and lounge areas _____and____

Answer 52

Certain colors may be used to define different areas; for example, bedrooms may be blue and green, eating and activity areas orange and red, and lounge areas gray and beige.

Question 53

is the therapeutic use of essential oils

Answer 53

Aromatheraphy

Question 54

Essential oils are highly _______ made by _____ and stored in their _____, _____, or _________;

Answer 54

Essential oils are highly volatile droplets made by plants and stored in their veins, glands, or sacs;

Question 55

o When the chemicals within the essential oils are inhaled, they are carried to the _______, stimulating nerve impulses that travel to the______ of the brain for processing.

Answer 55

o When the chemicals within the essential oils are inhaled, they are carried to the olfactory bulb, stimulating nerve impulses that travel to the limbic system of the brain for processing.

Question 56

is housed in the limbic system and stores memories associated with different scents.

Answer 56

Amygdale

Question 57

o Essential oils can also be absorbed through the skin through ______, _____________, or ______or______ them onto the skin surface

Answer 57

o Essential oils can also be absorbed through the skin through baths, compresses, or rubbing or massaging them onto the skin surface

Question 58

is an effective sound absorber, and for most people, it represents warmth, comfort, and a homelike atmosphere.

Answer 58

Carpenting

Question 59

o Carpeting does create problems, which include the following:

Answer 59

1. - Static electricity and cling. 2. - Difficult wheelchair mobility 3. - Cleaning. 4. Odors 5. Pests

Question 60

A _______ surface is essential for older adults.

Answer 60

nonlare

Question 61

high insulin result to?

Answer 61

hypoglycemia

Question 62

hypoglycemia can first present in older adults as a?

Answer 62

confused state

Question 63

how much kg of protein to renew body protein and protoplasm and to maintain enzyme systems?

Answer 63

1g protein per kilogram of body weight

Question 64

1g ptrotein per kilogram of body weight can do what?

Answer 64

renew body protein and protoplasm and to maintain enzyme system

Question 65

what vitamins facilities calcium absorption

Answer 65

Vit. D and magnesium

Question 66

a YOUNGER CLIENT HAS elevated serum cholesterol what is the initial mngt? but what will do when the initial doesn't work?

Answer 66

Modified diet, drug theraphy should be considered only after serious attempts have been made to modify diet.

Question 67

how many reduction of mmhg shoud client to reduce risk of stroke? and in percentage? and aside from stroke what other disease? and percentage?

Answer 67

6mmhg by 40% heart attack by 15%

Question 68

reduction of 6 mmgh will reduct the by 10% that whill reduce the risk of?? and what percentage?

Answer 68

reduce the blood cholesterol concentration and will reduce the risk of coronary heart diease by 30%

Question 69

when a client reduces salt and saturated fat intake what would happen?

Answer 69

reduce BP and cholesterol concentration

Question 70

dull rather than shiny sruface

Answer 70

true

Question 71

shiny rather than dull surface

Answer 71

false

Question 72

adequate lighting with miniman glare and shadow can be achieved through?

Answer 72

use of small area lamp, indirect lighting, sheer curtains to diffuse sunlight, dull rather than shiny surfaces and nighlights

Question 73

can be use to mark edges or stairs give its example

Answer 73

sharply contrasting colors ex. blue and yellow , red and green , yellow and purple

Question 74

what other significant in impaired mobility aside from common causes?

Answer 74

Environmental barriers and iatrogenic factors

Question 75

how to avoid the downward spiral of immobility?

Answer 75

encourage to stay active as possible

Question 76

when bedrest cannot be avoided? patient and nurse do will?

Answer 76

patient will perform active range of motion and strengthening excercise with the unaffected extremities while nurse perform the passive range of motion with the affected side

Question 77

hazard of immobility can prevent by?

Answer 77

frequent position changes

Question 78

TO PRODUCE ADEQUATE IMAGE ON RETINA IT SHOULD DO ?

Answer 78

A MORE EXTERNAL LIGHT NEEDED

Question 79

what is the environmental impact when decrease opacity of scleara

Answer 79

colors more washout, more contrast required

Question 80

colors more washed out

Answer 80

more constrast required

Question 81

yellowing of lens leads to

Answer 81

distorted color vision particularly beige, brown, blue, green and violet

Question 82

senile cataract means

Answer 82

cloud lens

Question 83

senile cataract cloud lens environemntal impact of

Answer 83

glare more bothersome

Question 84

what i the environmental impact of macular degeneration?

Answer 84

vision more difficult, more magnification

Question 85

slower to dark accomodation

Answer 85

senile miosis, pupil size decreased, less light reaches

Question 86

DECREASED visual field

Answer 86

peripheral vision narrower

Question 87

SENSORY STIMULATION SUGGESTION ARE?

Answer 87

- Textured wall surfaces - Soft blankets and spreads - Differently shaped and textured objects to hold (e.g., a round sheepskin-covered throw pillow and a square tweed-covered one) - Murals, pictures, sculptures, and wall hangings - Plants and freshly cut flowers - Coffee brewing, food cooking, perfumes, and oils - Birds to listen to and animals to pet - Soft music

Question 88

produces a variety of physiologic and emotional effects

Answer 88

sound

Question 89

noise control begins with the?

Answer 89

design of the building

Question 90

what can buffer outdoor noise?

Answer 90

careful landscaping and walls

Question 91

acoustical ceilings, drapes, and carpeting are useful and helpful to?

Answer 91

o Acoustical ceilings, drapes, and carpeting—also useful on walls—are helpful, as is attention to appliance and equipment maintenance.

Question 92

bathroon hazards, particular attention should be paid to the following aspects:

Answer 92

1. lighting 2. Floor surface 3. Faucets 4. Tubs and shower stalls 5. Toilet 6. Electrical appliances

Question 93

why is lighting is important in bathroom hazard?

Answer 93

* Lighting. A small light should be on in the bathroom at all times. Because urinary frequency and nocturia are common, older adults use the bathroom often and can benefit from the increased visibility. Constant lighting is especially helpful if the switch is located outside the bathroom, so that the individual does not have to enter a dark area and then search for a switch.

Question 94

why is flloor surface is important in bathroom hazard?

Answer 94

* Floor surface. Towels, hair dryers, and other items should not be left on the bathroom floor, and throw rugs should not be used. For older people, falls are dangerous under any circumstance, but the high likelihood of falling and striking one’s head on the hard surface of a tub or toilet increases the potential seriousness of the fall. Leaks should be corrected to avoid creating slippery floors, which are another cause of falls.

Question 95

why is ffaucet s important in bathroom hazard?

Answer 95

* Faucets. Lever-shaped faucet handles are easier to use than round ones or those that must have pressure exerted on them. Older people can risk falling or burning themselves by releasing too much hot water as they struggle to turn a faucet handle. This problem supports the need to control hot water temperature centrally. Color coding the faucet handles makes differentiation of hot and cold easier than small letters alone.

Question 96

why tubs and shower stalls is important in bathroom hazard?

Answer 96

* Tubs and shower stalls. Nonslip surfaces are essential for tubs and shower floors. Grab bars on the wall and safety rails attached to the side of the tub offer support during transfers and a source of stabilization when bathing. A shower or bath seat offers a place to sit when showering and, for tub bathers, a resting point when lifting to transfer out of the tub. Because a drop in blood pressure may follow bathing, it may be beneficial to have a seat alongside the tub to enable the bather to rest when drying.

Question 97

why toilets is significant in bathroom hazard?

Answer 97

or support frames aid in the difficult task of sitting down and rising from a toilet seat. Because the low height of toilet seats makes them difficult for many older people to use, a raised seat attachment could prove useful.

Question 98

why eletrical appliances is significant to bathroom hazarad?

Answer 98

* Electrical appliances. The use of electric heaters, hair dryers, and radios in the bathroom produces a considerable safety risk. Even healthy, agile persons can accidentally slip and pull an electrical appliance into the tub with them.

Question 99

When the desire is not to draw attention to an area (e.g. storage closet)

Answer 99

Walls should be a similar color within the same color family

Question 100

When the chemicals within the essential oils are inhaled what happened?

Answer 100

They are carried to olfactory bulb Stimulating nerve impulses that travel to the limbic system of the brain for processing

Question 101

drug-nutrient interactions affecting drug metabolism, some drug-nutrient interactions are also nutrient wasting explain

Answer 101

This is especially true of the B vitamins.