Midterms Flashcards
Since both lean _________ decline with age, an older person’s energy requirement per kilogram of body weight is also reduced
body mass and basal metabolic rate
Dietary needs change with aging in several ways:
o People become less active, their metabolism slows, their energy requirement decreases, all of which mean that they need to eat less.
o Recent research demonstrates that because older adults’ abilities to absorb and utilize many nutrients become less efficient, their nutrient requirements (particularly as a function of body mass) actually increase.
o Tucker noted that as some of the previous speakers had discussed, chronic conditions and medications can affect nutrition requirements. For example, in addition to drug-nutrient interactions affecting drug metabolism, some drug-nutrient interactions are also nutrient wasting. This is especially true of the B vitamins.
Several factors contribute to the older person’s reduced need for calories:
The older body has less lean body mass and a relative increase in adipose tissue.
Adipose tissue metabolizes more slowly than lean tissue and does not burn calories as quickly.
Basal metabolic rate declines 2% for each decade of life after age 25, which contributes to weight increase when the same caloric intake of younger years is consumed.
The activity level for most older adults is usually lower than that during their younger years.
particularly important in the older adult’s diet.
Fiber
what are the example of soluble fibers and what does it help for?
oats and pectin, help to lower serum cholesterol; improve glucose tolerance in diabetics; and prevent obesity, cardiovascular disease, and colorectal cancer
what is insoluble fibers and example?
promote good bowel activity and can be found in grains and many vegetables and fruits.
why do older client need to reduce carbohydrates intake?
because of decreased ability to maintain a regular blood glucose level, older adults need a reduced carbohydrate intake.
provide important sources of energy and fiber.
Carbohydrates
. A high-carbohydrate diet can stimulate that can cause?
an abnormally high release of insulin in older adults.
- At least __________ of body weight is necessary to renew body protein and protoplasm and to maintain _______ .
- At least 1 g protein per kilogram of body weight is necessary to renew body protein and protoplasm and to maintain enzyme systems.
- The ability to absorb calcium decreases with _________________, calcium is still required in the diet to maintain a healthy ____________ as well as to promote the _____ ______ ______________.
- The ability to absorb calcium decreases with age, calcium is still required in the diet to maintain a healthy musculoskeletal system, as well as to promote the proper functioning of the body’s blood clotting mechanisms.
Elevated serum cholesterol is a risk factor for
coronary heart disease for both men and women
A good intake of ________ and _________ facilitates calcium absorption.
A good intake of vitamin D and magnesium facilitates calcium absorption.
o Dietary fat Atherogenic risk factors such as
increased blood pressure, blood lipids and glucose intolerance
dietary fatsAtherogenic risk factors such as increased blood pressure, blood lipids and glucose intolerance all of which are significantly affected by dietary factors, play a significant role in the development of ____
Coronary heart disease
Dietary fats can lead or associated with?
cancer of the colon, pancreas and prostate.
Intervention trials have shown that reduction of blood pressure by _______ mm Hg reduces the risk of ________ by 40% and of ________by ____ , and that a _10% reduction of ________________ will reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by _______.
Intervention trials have shown that reduction of blood pressure by 6 mm Hg reduces the risk of stroke by 40% and of heart attack by 15%, and that a 10% reduction in blood cholesterol concentration will reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by 30%.
Degenerative disease is associated with
cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis and cancer
common in elderly people due to a number of factors such as their reduced food intake and a lack of variety in the foods they eat.
o Micronutrient deficiencies
Price of foods rich in micronutrients - discourages their consumption, in effect older people often suffer from decreased ______ , which contributes to this group’s increased _____and_____
o Price of foods rich in micronutrients - discourages their consumption, in effect older people often suffer from decreased immune function, which contributes to this group’s increased morbidity and mortality.
Relatively modest reductions in_________ , which would reduce blood pressure and cholesterol concentrations, could have a substantial effect on reducing the burden of______ .
Relatively modest reductions in saturated fat and salt intake, which would reduce blood pressure and cholesterol concentrations, could have a substantial effect on reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease.
Increasing consumption of fruit and vegetables by _______ servings daily could cut ___________ by 30%.
Increasing consumption of fruit and vegetables by one to two servings daily could cut cardiovascular risk by 30%.
Calcium deposits in
kidney and arteries
Vit 12 def can cause?
Dementia
, impaired ability to absorb other minerals
Renal Calculi
High doses of potassium
cardiac arrest
rank seventh as a cause of death for older people.
injuries
can be used to mark the edges of stairs.
Sharply contrasting colors
o Impaired Mobility
- Common causes are
Parkinson’s disease, diabetic neuropathy, cardiovascular compromise, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and sensory deficits.
Elderly patients should be encouraged to stay as active as possible to avoid
the downward spiral of immobility.
When bed rest cannot be avoided, the patient should perform and the nurse should perform
When bed rest cannot be avoided, the patient should perform active range-of-motion and strengthening exercises with the unaffected extremities, and the nurse should perform passive range-of-motion exercises on the affected extremities.
what action to provide to help offset hazards of immobility
Frequent position changes
a sensation of disorientation in relation to position
Dizziness
a spinning sensation
Vertigo
minor sensation of dizziness is cause of
a buildup of ear wax
major sensation of dizziness is cause of?
dysfunction of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, proprioceptive receptors, or the vestibular system.
is a common and preventable source of mortality and morbidity in older adults.
Falling
Normal and pathologic consequences of aging that contribute to increased falls include
visual changes such as loss of depth perception, susceptibility to glare, loss of visual acuity, and difficulty in light accommodation.
Neurologic changes include loss of balance, dizziness, loss of position sense, and delayed reaction time
Cardiovascular changes may result in cerebral hypoxia and postural hypotension.
Cognitive changes include confusion, loss of judgment, and impulsive behavior.
Musculoskeletal changes include altered posture and decreased muscle strength.
The most common fracture occurring from a fall is
Hip fracture
Decrease ability to sea near objects
Presbyopia
what is the environemnt impact when the cornea less translucent, transmits less light
More external light needed to produce adequate image on the retina
Decrease opacity of sclera
, allow more lights to enter in the eye
