Quiz Flashcards
Which sociologist is associated with the term Anomie?
Durkheim
What is meant by selective law enforcement?
the law is applied differently to different social groups
What does the BCS stand for?
British Crime Survey
Give 1 example of a crime that has increased due to globalisation?
cyber crime, green crime, drugs, money laundering etc
Who is associated with the idea of panoptical prisons?
Foucault
What are the 4 bonds that prevent crime according to Hirsci?
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement and Belief
Give one example of formal agents social control
CJS, Police, Courts, Prisons
Which theory of gender differences is associated with Carlan?
control theory
What term did Hobbs use to explain how crime now involves networks of people around the globe?
glocal
Name one study which shows the impact of environmental crime prevention methods
FILL IN
What are the 3 causes of crime according to left realists?
marginalisation, relative deprivation, sub-cultures
What are the 3 causes of crime according to right realists?
biological differences, rational choice, socialisation
Which sociologist is associated with the status frustration cause of crime?
Albert Cohen
What is the McPherson report?
a report that looked into the investigation of the murder of Stephen Lawrence, highlighted issues of racism within the police
What did South mean by Primary Green Crime?
direct result of destruction of Earths resources e.g. air pollution
Which theory of crime control and prevention is associated with Wilson and Kelling?
broken windows theory
What is another name for the interactionist theory of crime?
labelling theory
What name does Becker give groups such as the media, police and those who have the power to create and enforce laws?
moral entrepreneurs
What is the OCR and where does it come from?
official crime rate - police reports, courts and prison records
According to Wall, what are the 4 types of cyber crime?
cyber deception and theft, cyber pornography, cyber trespass, cyber violence
Which social group is more likely to be a victim of violent crime?
young w/c male aged 17-24
What is rational choice theory?
the idea that people make a conscious choice to commit crime
With which theory of crime is Ian Taylor associated?
Neo-marxism
Which sociologists is associated with Masculinity Theory?
Messerschimdt
What is meant by the Anthropocentric approach to green crime?
humans have the right to exploit the environment and animal species for their own benefit
What are Bauman and Lyon referring to by liquid surveillance?
constant monitoring of actions and behaviour through digital means
What is the definition of a crime?
a crime is an action that breaks the law and is punishable by the government
To understand crime and deviance and how it is a social construction the neo-marxists aim to create what?
a fully social theory
Moore, Atkin and Chapman see the police as filters of crime, name 3 ways that they filter crime?
seriousness of crime, social status of the victim, classification of the crime, discretion, work relation
What are the 3 stages of the spiral of state denial?
it didn’t happen, if it did it was something else, even if it is what you say it is it is justified
What are the aim roles of the CJS in preventing crime?
deterrence, retribution, reparation, rehabilitation, public protection
What are the 5 reactions to strain according to Merton?
conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
What is meant by utilitarian crime?
crime for financial gain
Identify 3 explanations for ethnic minority criminality
police targeting, locality theory, strain, institutional racism, subcultures, social and cultural factors
Identify 3 ways that the media could be considered a cause of crime
imitation, targeting, deprivation, glamorisation
Which theory of crime control and prevention suggests that taking away opportunities for crime is the best method?
situational crime prevention
Who suggested that criminals could be identified by physical characteristics?
Lombroso
What are the 3 positive features of crime according to Durkheim?
boundary maintenance, social cohesion, adaption and change
What is meant by corporate crime?
when a company or person commits a crime to benefit the company
According to Kelman and Hamilton what are three features that produce crimes of obedience?
authorisation, routinisation, dehumanisation
According to Foucault how has punishment changed?
sovereign power to disciplinary power
Who suggested that crime itself is not functional but it is the publicising of it and the punishments that is functional?
Taylor, Walton and Young
What are the 3 types of subculture according to Cloward and Ohlin?
criminal, conflict, retreatism
Who is associated with the liberation thesis?
Adler
Give 1 example of a modern moral panic?
black muggers (1970)
What did Walklate mean by secondary victimisation?
victims are accused of being to blame for the crime against them in the court system, particularly with rape and honour crimes
In what 4 ways are crime and deviance seen as fluid?
historical, cultural, contextual, generational
Who suggested that women commit less crime than men due to lack of opportunity?
Dunscombe and Marsden
What is Zemiology?
the study of social harm
Name 1 study that looked at social and community crime prevention methods?
perry pre-school project, troubled families programme
Disintegrative shaming (Braithwaite)
punishes the crime and the offender and this isolates the individual
Reintegrative shaming (Braithwaite)
labels the act not the actor and punishes them in a way that strengthens them for society
Gordon stated that crime was a natural reaction to 4 capitalist foci - what are they?
greed, profit, competition and materialism
What is meant by double deviancy?
when women not only break the law but also break socially acceptable roles
What 2 reasons are suggested for state crime being so serious?
the scale of the crime and because the state is a source of law
Hoyle identified 11 impacts of victimisation, name 4?
anger, anxiety, depression, withdrawal, panic, shock, PTSD, disrupted sleep, poor health, powerlessness, fear of further victimisation
Crime described as a ‘safety valve’
allowing smaller crimes and deviancy to prevent larger crimes and social problems
Reiman gave what as an example of selective law enforcement?
benefits scroungers v corporate tax dodgers
Who suggested that EM are over policed and under protected?
Phillips and Browning
In what 5 ways has globalisation impacted crime levels?
cheaper travel, deregulation of financial services, easier movement of people, influence of global media, spread of new information
Which 3 gov departments are responsible for the CJS?
home office, attorney general, ministry of justice
What is meant by master status?
when the given label is internalised and becomes the main identity
What did Pearce mean by a false consciousness of crime?
the occasional prosecution of corporate crime and the passing of laws which appear to protect w/c
Give 1 weakness of victim studies
crimes are in the wrong categories, don’t know they’re a victim, relies on memory, victimless, crimes are ignored
Who is associated with the idea of defining state crime by the harm they cause?
Michalowski
Give 1 way that prisons are not effective at preventing crime
schools of crime, labelling
In which zone did Shaw and McKay suggest there would be higher rates of crime?
zones of transition
Which 3 sociologists are associated with chivalry thesis?
Pollock, Flood-page, Hood
How did Kidd-Hewitt and Osborne describe media distortion of crime?
crime as a spectacle
Who conducted the Kilburn Experiment into surveillance?
Newburn and Hayman
What did Cicourel mean by typifications?
when a group is labelled as deviant/criminal then the police are more likely to focus on that group and therefore reinforce their stereotype
What 6 elements are needed to create a fully social theory of crime?
wider origin of deviance, immediate origin of deviance, the act itself, immediate origins of societal reaction, wider origins of societal reaction, effects of labelling
What is meant by social and cultural factors causes ethnic criminality?
lack of socialisation, labelling and moral panics
Give 1 reason why it is difficult to police green crime
transnational in nature, laws that do exist are shaped by the interests of the powerful
Which theory of crime prevention is linked to the NYC clean car program?
environmental crime prevention
Give 1 example of content deviancy
drinking at 8am
Which sociologist is associated with the interactionist approach to crime?
Becker
Who suggested that black criminality is a result of resistance to inequality?
Gilroy
How is the media a cause of the fear of crime?
over representation of violent crime, moral panics, ideological control
What is positivist victimology?
an attempt to find out why certain people are victims of crime and not others
What did Messner and Rosenfield mean by Institutional Anomie Theory?
lower state welfare and free market capitalism = higher crime rates e.g. post soviet russia
What did Taylor Walton and Young mean by saying crime was voluntarist?
people have free will and make a conscious choice and are political motivated to commit crime
Identify 3 explanations for lower class criminality
strain theory, status frustration, focal concerns, labelling, relative deprivation
How did Green and Ward define state crime?
illegal or deviant activity perpetrated by or with the complicity of state agencies
Which theories of crime prevention are associated with right realists?
situation and environmental crime prevention
Which sociologist is associated with the focal concerns explanation for crime?
Miller
What do Marxists mean when they say that capitalism is criminogenic?
capitalism is exploitive by nature and results in class inequality and poverty which lead to crime
How does Parsons explain gender differences in crime?
differential socialisation
Who suggested that the global criminal economy is worth over $1 trillion a year?
Castells
What is meant by displacement as a criticism of situation crime prevention?
it doesn’t prevent crime, just moves it to a new place
Reintegrative shaming (Braithwaite)
labelling the act not the person
Who suggests that Marxist explanation of crime romanticises criminals?
Rock
Which sociologist is associated with positive victimology?
Tierrney
Who argues that the law is socially constructed by the ruling class to protect capitalist interests?
Box
How does Chapman define corporate crime?
illegal or morally suspect behaviour carried out by high ranking company officers aimed at enhancing the profit of the company
Who conducted a study called Policing the Crisis?
Hall
Which sociologists are associated with rational choice theory?
Cornish and Clarke
What is meant by deviancy amplification?
the process by which the official attempt to control deviance or crime which leads to more of that crime/deviance
What is meant by target hardening?
making the targets ofc rime harder to access
Give an example of target hardening
gated communities, bars on windows, additional locks etc
What act of parliament gave the security services legal power to hack into personal data of UK citizens without informing them first?
Investigatory Powers Act 2016
Who argued that right realist policies on crime prevention led to class inequality in victimisation because the poor cannot afford the target hardening system?
Stanley Cohen
Which theory of crime is criticised as over stating the rationality of criminal behaviour?
right realist
What is meant by the dark figure of crime?
crimes that are under-reported by victims and unrecorded by police
Who found that sentencing of women for theft was not more lenient than the sentencing of men in 1983?
Farrington and Morris
Who argued that oppressive policing and over policing and criminalisation are the cause of patterns in ethnic minority criminality?
Phillips and Browning
What is the Triple Quandary Theory?
suggested by Sewell, it is the idea that there are 3 risk factors which are responsible for crime against black boys
What are the 3 risk factors identified by Sewell as reasons for black boys criminality?
lack of a father figure, negative experiences of white culture, mass media
What is meant by hegemonic masculinity?
the socially agreed meaning of what it means to be a man in terms of behaviour and activities
What is meant by the hypodermic syringe model?
the idea that the media influences behaviour in particular with young people and violent behaviour
What are the 6 stages of a moral panic?
identification, symbolisation, demonisation, condemnation, stamping down, deviancy amplification
Who did Stan Cohen study in his famous study on folk devils and moral panics?
Mods and Rockers
What term is used to describe a prison in which all prisoners can be observed by a single guard in the centre of the prison?
panopticon
Who described prisons as ‘Universities of Crime’?
Matthews
Which perspective suggests that victimhood is socially constructed and that the label of victim depends on a persons position in society?
critical victimology
What is ‘Missing White Women Syndrome’?
the idea that the media ignores crimes where the victim doesn’t fit the middle class, white, female stereotype
According to Newburn the homeless are how many more times more likely to be a victim of crime than a homeowner?
13
Who is most likely to be a murder victim?
men
