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Sociology - Unit 5: Crime And Deviance > Quiz > Flashcards

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1
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the term Anomie?

A

Durkheim

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2
Q

What is meant by selective law enforcement?

A

the law is applied differently to different social groups

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3
Q

What does the BCS stand for?

A

British Crime Survey

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4
Q

Give 1 example of a crime that has increased due to globalisation?

A

cyber crime, green crime, drugs, money laundering etc

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5
Q

Who is associated with the idea of panoptical prisons?

A

Foucault

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6
Q

What are the 4 bonds that prevent crime according to Hirsci?

A

Attachment, Commitment, Involvement and Belief

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7
Q

Give one example of formal agents social control

A

CJS, Police, Courts, Prisons

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8
Q

Which theory of gender differences is associated with Carlan?

A

control theory

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9
Q

What term did Hobbs use to explain how crime now involves networks of people around the globe?

A

glocal

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10
Q

Name one study which shows the impact of environmental crime prevention methods

A

FILL IN

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11
Q

What are the 3 causes of crime according to left realists?

A

marginalisation, relative deprivation, sub-cultures

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12
Q

What are the 3 causes of crime according to right realists?

A

biological differences, rational choice, socialisation

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13
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the status frustration cause of crime?

A

Albert Cohen

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14
Q

What is the McPherson report?

A

a report that looked into the investigation of the murder of Stephen Lawrence, highlighted issues of racism within the police

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15
Q

What did South mean by Primary Green Crime?

A

direct result of destruction of Earths resources e.g. air pollution

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16
Q

Which theory of crime control and prevention is associated with Wilson and Kelling?

A

broken windows theory

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17
Q

What is another name for the interactionist theory of crime?

A

labelling theory

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18
Q

What name does Becker give groups such as the media, police and those who have the power to create and enforce laws?

A

moral entrepreneurs

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19
Q

What is the OCR and where does it come from?

A

official crime rate - police reports, courts and prison records

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20
Q

According to Wall, what are the 4 types of cyber crime?

A

cyber deception and theft, cyber pornography, cyber trespass, cyber violence

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21
Q

Which social group is more likely to be a victim of violent crime?

A

young w/c male aged 17-24

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22
Q

What is rational choice theory?

A

the idea that people make a conscious choice to commit crime

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23
Q

With which theory of crime is Ian Taylor associated?

A

Neo-marxism

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24
Q

Which sociologists is associated with Masculinity Theory?

A

Messerschimdt

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25
Q

What is meant by the Anthropocentric approach to green crime?

A

humans have the right to exploit the environment and animal species for their own benefit

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26
Q

What are Bauman and Lyon referring to by liquid surveillance?

A

constant monitoring of actions and behaviour through digital means

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27
Q

What is the definition of a crime?

A

a crime is an action that breaks the law and is punishable by the government

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28
Q

To understand crime and deviance and how it is a social construction the neo-marxists aim to create what?

A

a fully social theory

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29
Q

Moore, Atkin and Chapman see the police as filters of crime, name 3 ways that they filter crime?

A

seriousness of crime, social status of the victim, classification of the crime, discretion, work relation

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30
Q

What are the 3 stages of the spiral of state denial?

A

it didn’t happen, if it did it was something else, even if it is what you say it is it is justified

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31
Q

What are the aim roles of the CJS in preventing crime?

A

deterrence, retribution, reparation, rehabilitation, public protection

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32
Q

What are the 5 reactions to strain according to Merton?

A

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

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33
Q

What is meant by utilitarian crime?

A

crime for financial gain

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34
Q

Identify 3 explanations for ethnic minority criminality

A

police targeting, locality theory, strain, institutional racism, subcultures, social and cultural factors

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35
Q

Identify 3 ways that the media could be considered a cause of crime

A

imitation, targeting, deprivation, glamorisation

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36
Q

Which theory of crime control and prevention suggests that taking away opportunities for crime is the best method?

A

situational crime prevention

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37
Q

Who suggested that criminals could be identified by physical characteristics?

A

Lombroso

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38
Q

What are the 3 positive features of crime according to Durkheim?

A

boundary maintenance, social cohesion, adaption and change

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39
Q

What is meant by corporate crime?

A

when a company or person commits a crime to benefit the company

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40
Q

According to Kelman and Hamilton what are three features that produce crimes of obedience?

A

authorisation, routinisation, dehumanisation

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41
Q

According to Foucault how has punishment changed?

A

sovereign power to disciplinary power

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42
Q

Who suggested that crime itself is not functional but it is the publicising of it and the punishments that is functional?

A

Taylor, Walton and Young

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43
Q

What are the 3 types of subculture according to Cloward and Ohlin?

A

criminal, conflict, retreatism

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44
Q

Who is associated with the liberation thesis?

A

Adler

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45
Q

Give 1 example of a modern moral panic?

A

black muggers (1970)

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46
Q

What did Walklate mean by secondary victimisation?

A

victims are accused of being to blame for the crime against them in the court system, particularly with rape and honour crimes

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47
Q

In what 4 ways are crime and deviance seen as fluid?

A

historical, cultural, contextual, generational

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48
Q

Who suggested that women commit less crime than men due to lack of opportunity?

A

Dunscombe and Marsden

49
Q

What is Zemiology?

A

the study of social harm

50
Q

Name 1 study that looked at social and community crime prevention methods?

A

perry pre-school project, troubled families programme

51
Q

Disintegrative shaming (Braithwaite)

A

punishes the crime and the offender and this isolates the individual

52
Q

Reintegrative shaming (Braithwaite)

A

labels the act not the actor and punishes them in a way that strengthens them for society

53
Q

Gordon stated that crime was a natural reaction to 4 capitalist foci - what are they?

A

greed, profit, competition and materialism

54
Q

What is meant by double deviancy?

A

when women not only break the law but also break socially acceptable roles

55
Q

What 2 reasons are suggested for state crime being so serious?

A

the scale of the crime and because the state is a source of law

56
Q

Hoyle identified 11 impacts of victimisation, name 4?

A

anger, anxiety, depression, withdrawal, panic, shock, PTSD, disrupted sleep, poor health, powerlessness, fear of further victimisation

57
Q

Crime described as a ‘safety valve’

A

allowing smaller crimes and deviancy to prevent larger crimes and social problems

58
Q

Reiman gave what as an example of selective law enforcement?

A

benefits scroungers v corporate tax dodgers

59
Q

Who suggested that EM are over policed and under protected?

A

Phillips and Browning

60
Q

In what 5 ways has globalisation impacted crime levels?

A

cheaper travel, deregulation of financial services, easier movement of people, influence of global media, spread of new information

61
Q

Which 3 gov departments are responsible for the CJS?

A

home office, attorney general, ministry of justice

62
Q

What is meant by master status?

A

when the given label is internalised and becomes the main identity

63
Q

What did Pearce mean by a false consciousness of crime?

A

the occasional prosecution of corporate crime and the passing of laws which appear to protect w/c

64
Q

Give 1 weakness of victim studies

A

crimes are in the wrong categories, don’t know they’re a victim, relies on memory, victimless, crimes are ignored

65
Q

Who is associated with the idea of defining state crime by the harm they cause?

A

Michalowski

66
Q

Give 1 way that prisons are not effective at preventing crime

A

schools of crime, labelling

67
Q

In which zone did Shaw and McKay suggest there would be higher rates of crime?

A

zones of transition

68
Q

Which 3 sociologists are associated with chivalry thesis?

A

Pollock, Flood-page, Hood

69
Q

How did Kidd-Hewitt and Osborne describe media distortion of crime?

A

crime as a spectacle

70
Q

Who conducted the Kilburn Experiment into surveillance?

A

Newburn and Hayman

71
Q

What did Cicourel mean by typifications?

A

when a group is labelled as deviant/criminal then the police are more likely to focus on that group and therefore reinforce their stereotype

72
Q

What 6 elements are needed to create a fully social theory of crime?

A

wider origin of deviance, immediate origin of deviance, the act itself, immediate origins of societal reaction, wider origins of societal reaction, effects of labelling

73
Q

What is meant by social and cultural factors causes ethnic criminality?

A

lack of socialisation, labelling and moral panics

74
Q

Give 1 reason why it is difficult to police green crime

A

transnational in nature, laws that do exist are shaped by the interests of the powerful

75
Q

Which theory of crime prevention is linked to the NYC clean car program?

A

environmental crime prevention

76
Q

Give 1 example of content deviancy

A

drinking at 8am

77
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the interactionist approach to crime?

A

Becker

78
Q

Who suggested that black criminality is a result of resistance to inequality?

A

Gilroy

79
Q

How is the media a cause of the fear of crime?

A

over representation of violent crime, moral panics, ideological control

80
Q

What is positivist victimology?

A

an attempt to find out why certain people are victims of crime and not others

81
Q

What did Messner and Rosenfield mean by Institutional Anomie Theory?

A

lower state welfare and free market capitalism = higher crime rates e.g. post soviet russia

82
Q

What did Taylor Walton and Young mean by saying crime was voluntarist?

A

people have free will and make a conscious choice and are political motivated to commit crime

83
Q

Identify 3 explanations for lower class criminality

A

strain theory, status frustration, focal concerns, labelling, relative deprivation

84
Q

How did Green and Ward define state crime?

A

illegal or deviant activity perpetrated by or with the complicity of state agencies

85
Q

Which theories of crime prevention are associated with right realists?

A

situation and environmental crime prevention

86
Q

Which sociologist is associated with the focal concerns explanation for crime?

A

Miller

87
Q

What do Marxists mean when they say that capitalism is criminogenic?

A

capitalism is exploitive by nature and results in class inequality and poverty which lead to crime

88
Q

How does Parsons explain gender differences in crime?

A

differential socialisation

89
Q

Who suggested that the global criminal economy is worth over $1 trillion a year?

A

Castells

90
Q

What is meant by displacement as a criticism of situation crime prevention?

A

it doesn’t prevent crime, just moves it to a new place

91
Q

Reintegrative shaming (Braithwaite)

A

labelling the act not the person

92
Q

Who suggests that Marxist explanation of crime romanticises criminals?

A

Rock

93
Q

Which sociologist is associated with positive victimology?

A

Tierrney

94
Q

Who argues that the law is socially constructed by the ruling class to protect capitalist interests?

A

Box

95
Q

How does Chapman define corporate crime?

A

illegal or morally suspect behaviour carried out by high ranking company officers aimed at enhancing the profit of the company

96
Q

Who conducted a study called Policing the Crisis?

A

Hall

97
Q

Which sociologists are associated with rational choice theory?

A

Cornish and Clarke

98
Q

What is meant by deviancy amplification?

A

the process by which the official attempt to control deviance or crime which leads to more of that crime/deviance

99
Q

What is meant by target hardening?

A

making the targets ofc rime harder to access

100
Q

Give an example of target hardening

A

gated communities, bars on windows, additional locks etc

101
Q

What act of parliament gave the security services legal power to hack into personal data of UK citizens without informing them first?

A

Investigatory Powers Act 2016

102
Q

Who argued that right realist policies on crime prevention led to class inequality in victimisation because the poor cannot afford the target hardening system?

A

Stanley Cohen

103
Q

Which theory of crime is criticised as over stating the rationality of criminal behaviour?

A

right realist

104
Q

What is meant by the dark figure of crime?

A

crimes that are under-reported by victims and unrecorded by police

105
Q

Who found that sentencing of women for theft was not more lenient than the sentencing of men in 1983?

A

Farrington and Morris

106
Q

Who argued that oppressive policing and over policing and criminalisation are the cause of patterns in ethnic minority criminality?

A

Phillips and Browning

107
Q

What is the Triple Quandary Theory?

A

suggested by Sewell, it is the idea that there are 3 risk factors which are responsible for crime against black boys

108
Q

What are the 3 risk factors identified by Sewell as reasons for black boys criminality?

A

lack of a father figure, negative experiences of white culture, mass media

109
Q

What is meant by hegemonic masculinity?

A

the socially agreed meaning of what it means to be a man in terms of behaviour and activities

110
Q

What is meant by the hypodermic syringe model?

A

the idea that the media influences behaviour in particular with young people and violent behaviour

111
Q

What are the 6 stages of a moral panic?

A

identification, symbolisation, demonisation, condemnation, stamping down, deviancy amplification

112
Q

Who did Stan Cohen study in his famous study on folk devils and moral panics?

A

Mods and Rockers

113
Q

What term is used to describe a prison in which all prisoners can be observed by a single guard in the centre of the prison?

A

panopticon

114
Q

Who described prisons as ‘Universities of Crime’?

A

Matthews

115
Q

Which perspective suggests that victimhood is socially constructed and that the label of victim depends on a persons position in society?

A

critical victimology

116
Q

What is ‘Missing White Women Syndrome’?

A

the idea that the media ignores crimes where the victim doesn’t fit the middle class, white, female stereotype

117
Q

According to Newburn the homeless are how many more times more likely to be a victim of crime than a homeowner?

A

13

118
Q

Who is most likely to be a murder victim?

A

men

Sociology - Unit 5: Crime And Deviance (16 decks)

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