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Systemic And Ocular Pathologoy And Pharmacology > Quiz > Flashcards

Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

Science that deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

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2
Q

“Pharmacon”

A

Biologically active substance

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3
Q

“Logos”

A

Meaning a study

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4
Q

Drug

A

A substance intended for use in diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease

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5
Q

Two types of drugs

A

Natural
Syntethic

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6
Q

Natural

A

To be found in nature, animals

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7
Q

Synthetic

A

Forward by a controlled substance

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8
Q

Naming pharmaceuticals

A

Chemical name
Generic name
Trade or brand name

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9
Q

How does a drug work?

A

Logan binds to receptor
They receive (receptors) chemical information from other molecules. Such as drugs, neurotransmitter, hormones (ligand) outside the cell. These outside molecules bind to receptors on the cell, activating the receptor and generating a biochemical or electrical signal inside the cell

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10
Q

Agonist

A

-Substances that bind to synaptic receptors and increase the effect of the neurotransmitter
-activates certain receptors in the brain

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11
Q

Antagonist

A

-Bing to synaptic receptors but they decrease the effect of the neurotransmitter
-stops the action or effect

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12
Q

Active ingredient

A

A substance in the drug that is responsible for the beneficial health effects

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13
Q

Prodrug

A

Inactive when outside the body but as it enters it becomes activated by enzyme

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14
Q

Shelf life

A

The time period over which the concentration of the active drug drops by 10% from its value at manufacture

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15
Q

Expiration

A

The quality will reduce so shouldn’t be used after that date

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16
Q

Labeled indication

A

Instructions on how to consume the drug

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17
Q

Off label prescription

A

Doctor recommends different instructions based on patient. Not officially approved

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18
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The action of the drug on the body
-if it is having a therapeutic effect that is agonist(enhances)
-if it is having a toxic effect that is antagonist (inhibiting)

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19
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

How the body is reacting to the drug
What the body does to the drug
Movement of drug into, through and out of the body and the time of its absorption

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20
Q

Absorption

A

The transportation of the unmetabolized drug from the site of administration to the body circulation system

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21
Q

Distribution

A

Process by which drug passes from the blood stream to body tissues and organs

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22
Q

Metabolism

A

The chemical reaction that changes drugs into compounds which are easier to eliminate

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23
Q

Excretion

A

Process of removing a drug and it’s metabolites from the body

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24
Q

Passive transfer

A

Simple diffusion- a single substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space
Facilitated through the aqueous pores

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25
Q

Carrier mediated transport

A

Facilitated diffusion- passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradients, moves smoothly high to low
Active transport- movement of molecules from low to high concentration (moves against gradient)

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26
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane

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27
Q

What impacts rate of absorption

A

Particle size, nature of dosage, blood flow, liquid or tablet, weight, ph & solubility, how much food you are consuming, age , vascularity and surface area

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28
Q

What impacts the rate of distribution

A

Lipid solubility
Blood flow
Ionization

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29
Q

3 stops of endocytosis

A
  • phagocytosis
    -pinocytosis
    -receptor mediated endocytosis
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30
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A cellular process for ingesting and eliminating large particles into a plasma membrane

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31
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane

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32
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule

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33
Q

Elimination of drug

A

Renal - term used to explain how well kidneys work
Fecal/stool- poop
Pulmonary- something that affects your lungs (released from gas or cough)
Sweat and mammary glands- you can sweat drugs out, or your breast milk can eliminate drugs

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34
Q

Stimulation

A

Increase an activity in specific cells, directly inhibiting a receptor and it’s downstream effects

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35
Q

Depression

A

Decrease an activity in specific cells

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36
Q

Irritation

A

Increase in inflammation or cause of dead cells

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37
Q

Replacement

A

Take the place of a natural substance

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38
Q

Anti infective

A

Destroy infected organisms

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39
Q

Modification of the immune status

A

Make the immune system stronger

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40
Q

What factors influence the therapeutic effect of drugs

A

Age,
gender,
weight,
race,
general health of individual
Individuals tolerance
Experience of substance

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41
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

How the genome (all genes in body) impact how an individual responds to a drug
How help predict ahead of time whether a drug is likely to benefit you and be safe for your to take

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42
Q

Pharamcogenetics

A

How our genetic makeup will affect each persons response to a certain medication
Increases efficiency , decrease reactions

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43
Q

Poly pharmacy

A

Taking multiple drugs/medications

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44
Q

Solution

A

Eye drop, liquid
Contain a drug in dissolved form

45
Q

Ointment

A

Thick cream (like a paste)

46
Q

Suspension

A

Thicker version of some medications

47
Q

Characteristic of solution

A

Mixture of ions of molecular (very very small).
Transparent

48
Q

Characteristics of ointment

A

Semi solid containing either dissolved or suspended functional ingredients

49
Q

Characteristics of suspension

A

A mixture of two substances
Important to shake before use

50
Q

Compounded pharmaceuticals

A

Combining , mixing or altering ingredients to create a medication tailored to the needs of the patient

51
Q

Reasons for compounding

A

Customize a strength or dose
Flavour a medication
Reformulate to reform an ingredient the patient is allergic too
Change the formation

52
Q

Parts of a prescription

A

-prescriber information
-patient info
-date of prescription
-Superscription (Rx)
-inscription
-subscription (Disp)
-signatura (sig)
-refil data
-signature

53
Q

Prescriber information

A

Name
Address
Phone number
License number
Pharmacy

54
Q

Patient information

A

First and last name;
DOB
Add dress

55
Q

Superscription (Rx)

A

Proves it is a prescription document

56
Q

Inscription

A

Drug name
Concentration
Type of preparation

57
Q

Subscription (Disp)

A

Instruction for compounding medication
Quantity
Size of Bottle

58
Q

Signatura

A

Instructions to the pharmacist that indicate info that needs to be told to patient
Doctor might not write all instructions so pharmacist will

59
Q

Refil data

A

This allows you to get a refil without having to go to the clinic

60
Q

Signature

A

Without this you can receive anything

61
Q

Systemic

A

Affecting the blood stream , entire body

62
Q

Enteral

A

Oral
Sublingual (placed under tongue)
Rectal

63
Q

Parental

A

Injection
Inhalation
Transdermal

64
Q

Local

A

Desired action is required

65
Q

Enteral delivery

A

Capsules
Tablets
Caplets
Enteric coated
Suppositories (rectal)
Feeding tubes
Sublingual

66
Q

Advantages of enteral

A

Safe
Convenient
Self administered
Cheaper
Non invasive

67
Q

Disadvantages of enteral

A

Slow onset of action
Possible GI irritation
Cannot be given unconscious
By the time drug gets metabolized the drugs efficiency may reduce

68
Q

Parental drug delivery

A

Intradermal
Subcutaneous
Inteanuscular
Intravenous
Inhalation
Transdermal
Transmucosal

69
Q

Intradermal

A

Injecting passing through the super dial layer of the skin

70
Q

Subcutaneous (SC)

A

Injecting passing under the skin

71
Q

Intramuscular (IM)

A

Needle into the muscle

72
Q

Intravenous (IV)

A

Into the superficial vein

73
Q

Inhalation

A

Going through the mucous membranes

74
Q

Transdermal

A

A patch that sticks to skin

75
Q

Transmucosal

A

Nasal

76
Q

Retrobulbar

A

Through the skin below the eye

77
Q

Subconjunctival

A

Underneath the clear surface of your eye

78
Q

Intracameral

A

Into the anterior chamber of eyeball

79
Q

Intravitreal

A

Injection the vitreous ; near the retina at back of the eye

80
Q

Parental drug delivery advantages

A

Rapid action
More predictable
Easy of administration to unconscious
Avoid first pass metabolism
Avoid GI irritation

81
Q

Parental drug delivery disadvantages

A

Painful
May damage nerves or tissue
More expensive
Less safe

82
Q

Local drug delivery

A

Ointment
Cream
Gel
Powder
Paste

83
Q

Local (topical)

A

Specific location where we want the action to take place

84
Q

Advantage of local (topical)

A

Low risk of systemic adverse effects
Low risk of drug interactions
Small amount of drug used
Low cost
Avoid first pass metabolism

85
Q

Disadvantages of local

A

Potential allergic reaction
Thickness of skin effects absorption speed
Time consuming

86
Q

Adverse drug effects

A

Intolerance
Iatrogenic
Drug dependence
Teratogenicity

87
Q

Intolerance

A

Inability to metabolize or absorption a substance

88
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Induced in a patient by the treatment or comments of physicians

89
Q

Drug dependence

A

Often taken in larger amount or over a long period than intended

90
Q

Teratogenicity

A

Something that can cause or raise the risk for a birth defect in the baby
DONT USE WHEN PREGNANT

91
Q

Type A reactions

A

-pharmacologically mediated

92
Q

Type B

A

-hypersensitivity reactions
-allergic reaction

93
Q

Type 1 reaction

A

A rare life threatening reaction to a drug allergy

94
Q

Type 2 reaction

A

igG and igM antibodies bind to an antigen causing other immune cells to attack it leading to destruction

95
Q

Type 3 reaction

A

Large antibody
Antigen complexes form and cause inflammation

96
Q

Type 4 reaction

A

Inflammatory response with t-cells and macrophages that occur 24 - 72 hours after exposure to drug (often rash)

97
Q

Stevens Johnson un drone

A

Type 4 reaction
Delayed hypersensitivity or T cell mediated

98
Q

Why cap colour is important

A

Help with identifying medication quickly
Reduce drug errors
Easier to identify a colour then a label

99
Q

Red cap medication

A

Associated with danger

100
Q

Antibiotics

A

Treatment for bacterial infection (not viral)

101
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Treat inflammation and allergies

102
Q

Cycloplegics and mydriarics

A

Dilate pupils and pain management

103
Q

Alpha adrenergic agonist

A

Glaucoma treatment / lower intraocular

104
Q

Beta blockers

A

Glaucoma treatment / reduce IOP

105
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

Glaucoma treatment

106
Q

Prostaglandin analogs

A

Glaucoma treatment

107
Q

Anthistimaines

A

Allergies

108
Q

Mom steroidal anti inflammatory

A

Postoperative inflammation

Systemic And Ocular Pathologoy And Pharmacology (3 decks)

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