Quiz Flashcards
Pharmacology
Science that deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
“Pharmacon”
Biologically active substance
“Logos”
Meaning a study
Drug
A substance intended for use in diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
Two types of drugs
Natural
Syntethic
Natural
To be found in nature, animals
Synthetic
Forward by a controlled substance
Naming pharmaceuticals
Chemical name
Generic name
Trade or brand name
How does a drug work?
Logan binds to receptor
They receive (receptors) chemical information from other molecules. Such as drugs, neurotransmitter, hormones (ligand) outside the cell. These outside molecules bind to receptors on the cell, activating the receptor and generating a biochemical or electrical signal inside the cell
Agonist
-Substances that bind to synaptic receptors and increase the effect of the neurotransmitter
-activates certain receptors in the brain
Antagonist
-Bing to synaptic receptors but they decrease the effect of the neurotransmitter
-stops the action or effect
Active ingredient
A substance in the drug that is responsible for the beneficial health effects
Prodrug
Inactive when outside the body but as it enters it becomes activated by enzyme
Shelf life
The time period over which the concentration of the active drug drops by 10% from its value at manufacture
Expiration
The quality will reduce so shouldn’t be used after that date
Labeled indication
Instructions on how to consume the drug
Off label prescription
Doctor recommends different instructions based on patient. Not officially approved
Pharmacodynamics
The action of the drug on the body
-if it is having a therapeutic effect that is agonist(enhances)
-if it is having a toxic effect that is antagonist (inhibiting)
Pharmacokinetics
How the body is reacting to the drug
What the body does to the drug
Movement of drug into, through and out of the body and the time of its absorption
Absorption
The transportation of the unmetabolized drug from the site of administration to the body circulation system
Distribution
Process by which drug passes from the blood stream to body tissues and organs
Metabolism
The chemical reaction that changes drugs into compounds which are easier to eliminate
Excretion
Process of removing a drug and it’s metabolites from the body
Passive transfer
Simple diffusion- a single substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space
Facilitated through the aqueous pores
Carrier mediated transport
Facilitated diffusion- passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradients, moves smoothly high to low
Active transport- movement of molecules from low to high concentration (moves against gradient)
Endocytosis
Process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane
What impacts rate of absorption
Particle size, nature of dosage, blood flow, liquid or tablet, weight, ph & solubility, how much food you are consuming, age , vascularity and surface area
What impacts the rate of distribution
Lipid solubility
Blood flow
Ionization
3 stops of endocytosis
- phagocytosis
-pinocytosis
-receptor mediated endocytosis
Phagocytosis
A cellular process for ingesting and eliminating large particles into a plasma membrane
Pinocytosis
The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule
Elimination of drug
Renal - term used to explain how well kidneys work
Fecal/stool- poop
Pulmonary- something that affects your lungs (released from gas or cough)
Sweat and mammary glands- you can sweat drugs out, or your breast milk can eliminate drugs
Stimulation
Increase an activity in specific cells, directly inhibiting a receptor and it’s downstream effects
Depression
Decrease an activity in specific cells
Irritation
Increase in inflammation or cause of dead cells
Replacement
Take the place of a natural substance
Anti infective
Destroy infected organisms
Modification of the immune status
Make the immune system stronger
What factors influence the therapeutic effect of drugs
Age,
gender,
weight,
race,
general health of individual
Individuals tolerance
Experience of substance
Pharmacogenetics
How the genome (all genes in body) impact how an individual responds to a drug
How help predict ahead of time whether a drug is likely to benefit you and be safe for your to take
Pharamcogenetics
How our genetic makeup will affect each persons response to a certain medication
Increases efficiency , decrease reactions
Poly pharmacy
Taking multiple drugs/medications
Solution
Eye drop, liquid
Contain a drug in dissolved form
Ointment
Thick cream (like a paste)
Suspension
Thicker version of some medications
Characteristic of solution
Mixture of ions of molecular (very very small).
Transparent
Characteristics of ointment
Semi solid containing either dissolved or suspended functional ingredients
Characteristics of suspension
A mixture of two substances
Important to shake before use
Compounded pharmaceuticals
Combining , mixing or altering ingredients to create a medication tailored to the needs of the patient
Reasons for compounding
Customize a strength or dose
Flavour a medication
Reformulate to reform an ingredient the patient is allergic too
Change the formation
Parts of a prescription
-prescriber information
-patient info
-date of prescription
-Superscription (Rx)
-inscription
-subscription (Disp)
-signatura (sig)
-refil data
-signature
Prescriber information
Name
Address
Phone number
License number
Pharmacy
Patient information
First and last name;
DOB
Add dress
Superscription (Rx)
Proves it is a prescription document
Inscription
Drug name
Concentration
Type of preparation
Subscription (Disp)
Instruction for compounding medication
Quantity
Size of Bottle
Signatura
Instructions to the pharmacist that indicate info that needs to be told to patient
Doctor might not write all instructions so pharmacist will
Refil data
This allows you to get a refil without having to go to the clinic
Signature
Without this you can receive anything
Systemic
Affecting the blood stream , entire body
Enteral
Oral
Sublingual (placed under tongue)
Rectal
Parental
Injection
Inhalation
Transdermal
Local
Desired action is required
Enteral delivery
Capsules
Tablets
Caplets
Enteric coated
Suppositories (rectal)
Feeding tubes
Sublingual
Advantages of enteral
Safe
Convenient
Self administered
Cheaper
Non invasive
Disadvantages of enteral
Slow onset of action
Possible GI irritation
Cannot be given unconscious
By the time drug gets metabolized the drugs efficiency may reduce
Parental drug delivery
Intradermal
Subcutaneous
Inteanuscular
Intravenous
Inhalation
Transdermal
Transmucosal
Intradermal
Injecting passing through the super dial layer of the skin
Subcutaneous (SC)
Injecting passing under the skin
Intramuscular (IM)
Needle into the muscle
Intravenous (IV)
Into the superficial vein
Inhalation
Going through the mucous membranes
Transdermal
A patch that sticks to skin
Transmucosal
Nasal
Retrobulbar
Through the skin below the eye
Subconjunctival
Underneath the clear surface of your eye
Intracameral
Into the anterior chamber of eyeball
Intravitreal
Injection the vitreous ; near the retina at back of the eye
Parental drug delivery advantages
Rapid action
More predictable
Easy of administration to unconscious
Avoid first pass metabolism
Avoid GI irritation
Parental drug delivery disadvantages
Painful
May damage nerves or tissue
More expensive
Less safe
Local drug delivery
Ointment
Cream
Gel
Powder
Paste
Local (topical)
Specific location where we want the action to take place
Advantage of local (topical)
Low risk of systemic adverse effects
Low risk of drug interactions
Small amount of drug used
Low cost
Avoid first pass metabolism
Disadvantages of local
Potential allergic reaction
Thickness of skin effects absorption speed
Time consuming
Adverse drug effects
Intolerance
Iatrogenic
Drug dependence
Teratogenicity
Intolerance
Inability to metabolize or absorption a substance
Iatrogenic
Induced in a patient by the treatment or comments of physicians
Drug dependence
Often taken in larger amount or over a long period than intended
Teratogenicity
Something that can cause or raise the risk for a birth defect in the baby
DONT USE WHEN PREGNANT
Type A reactions
-pharmacologically mediated
Type B
-hypersensitivity reactions
-allergic reaction
Type 1 reaction
A rare life threatening reaction to a drug allergy
Type 2 reaction
igG and igM antibodies bind to an antigen causing other immune cells to attack it leading to destruction
Type 3 reaction
Large antibody
Antigen complexes form and cause inflammation
Type 4 reaction
Inflammatory response with t-cells and macrophages that occur 24 - 72 hours after exposure to drug (often rash)
Stevens Johnson un drone
Type 4 reaction
Delayed hypersensitivity or T cell mediated
Why cap colour is important
Help with identifying medication quickly
Reduce drug errors
Easier to identify a colour then a label
Red cap medication
Associated with danger
Antibiotics
Treatment for bacterial infection (not viral)
Corticosteroids
Treat inflammation and allergies
Cycloplegics and mydriarics
Dilate pupils and pain management
Alpha adrenergic agonist
Glaucoma treatment / lower intraocular
Beta blockers
Glaucoma treatment / reduce IOP
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Glaucoma treatment
Prostaglandin analogs
Glaucoma treatment
Anthistimaines
Allergies
Mom steroidal anti inflammatory
Postoperative inflammation
