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1
Q

Pharmacology

A

Science that deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

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2
Q

“Pharmacon”

A

Biologically active substance

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3
Q

“Logos”

A

Meaning a study

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4
Q

Drug

A

A substance intended for use in diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease

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5
Q

Two types of drugs

A

Natural
Syntethic

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6
Q

Natural

A

To be found in nature, animals

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7
Q

Synthetic

A

Forward by a controlled substance

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8
Q

Naming pharmaceuticals

A

Chemical name
Generic name
Trade or brand name

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9
Q

How does a drug work?

A

Logan binds to receptor
They receive (receptors) chemical information from other molecules. Such as drugs, neurotransmitter, hormones (ligand) outside the cell. These outside molecules bind to receptors on the cell, activating the receptor and generating a biochemical or electrical signal inside the cell

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10
Q

Agonist

A

-Substances that bind to synaptic receptors and increase the effect of the neurotransmitter
-activates certain receptors in the brain

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11
Q

Antagonist

A

-Bing to synaptic receptors but they decrease the effect of the neurotransmitter
-stops the action or effect

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12
Q

Active ingredient

A

A substance in the drug that is responsible for the beneficial health effects

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13
Q

Prodrug

A

Inactive when outside the body but as it enters it becomes activated by enzyme

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14
Q

Shelf life

A

The time period over which the concentration of the active drug drops by 10% from its value at manufacture

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15
Q

Expiration

A

The quality will reduce so shouldn’t be used after that date

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16
Q

Labeled indication

A

Instructions on how to consume the drug

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17
Q

Off label prescription

A

Doctor recommends different instructions based on patient. Not officially approved

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18
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The action of the drug on the body
-if it is having a therapeutic effect that is agonist(enhances)
-if it is having a toxic effect that is antagonist (inhibiting)

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19
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

How the body is reacting to the drug
What the body does to the drug
Movement of drug into, through and out of the body and the time of its absorption

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20
Q

Absorption

A

The transportation of the unmetabolized drug from the site of administration to the body circulation system

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21
Q

Distribution

A

Process by which drug passes from the blood stream to body tissues and organs

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22
Q

Metabolism

A

The chemical reaction that changes drugs into compounds which are easier to eliminate

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23
Q

Excretion

A

Process of removing a drug and it’s metabolites from the body

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24
Q

Passive transfer

A

Simple diffusion- a single substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space
Facilitated through the aqueous pores

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25
Carrier mediated transport
Facilitated diffusion- passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradients, moves smoothly high to low Active transport- movement of molecules from low to high concentration (moves against gradient)
26
Endocytosis
Process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane
27
What impacts rate of absorption
Particle size, nature of dosage, blood flow, liquid or tablet, weight, ph & solubility, how much food you are consuming, age , vascularity and surface area
28
What impacts the rate of distribution
Lipid solubility Blood flow Ionization
29
3 stops of endocytosis
- phagocytosis -pinocytosis -receptor mediated endocytosis
30
Phagocytosis
A cellular process for ingesting and eliminating large particles into a plasma membrane
31
Pinocytosis
The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane
32
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule
33
Elimination of drug
Renal - term used to explain how well kidneys work Fecal/stool- poop Pulmonary- something that affects your lungs (released from gas or cough) Sweat and mammary glands- you can sweat drugs out, or your breast milk can eliminate drugs
34
Stimulation
Increase an activity in specific cells, directly inhibiting a receptor and it’s downstream effects
35
Depression
Decrease an activity in specific cells
36
Irritation
Increase in inflammation or cause of dead cells
37
Replacement
Take the place of a natural substance
38
Anti infective
Destroy infected organisms
39
Modification of the immune status
Make the immune system stronger
40
What factors influence the therapeutic effect of drugs
Age, gender, weight, race, general health of individual Individuals tolerance Experience of substance
41
Pharmacogenetics
How the genome (all genes in body) impact how an individual responds to a drug How help predict ahead of time whether a drug is likely to benefit you and be safe for your to take
42
Pharamcogenetics
How our genetic makeup will affect each persons response to a certain medication Increases efficiency , decrease reactions
43
Poly pharmacy
Taking multiple drugs/medications
44
Solution
Eye drop, liquid Contain a drug in dissolved form
45
Ointment
Thick cream (like a paste)
46
Suspension
Thicker version of some medications
47
Characteristic of solution
Mixture of ions of molecular (very very small). Transparent
48
Characteristics of ointment
Semi solid containing either dissolved or suspended functional ingredients
49
Characteristics of suspension
A mixture of two substances Important to shake before use
50
Compounded pharmaceuticals
Combining , mixing or altering ingredients to create a medication tailored to the needs of the patient
51
Reasons for compounding
Customize a strength or dose Flavour a medication Reformulate to reform an ingredient the patient is allergic too Change the formation
52
Parts of a prescription
-prescriber information -patient info -date of prescription -Superscription (Rx) -inscription -subscription (Disp) -signatura (sig) -refil data -signature
53
Prescriber information
Name Address Phone number License number Pharmacy
54
Patient information
First and last name; DOB Add dress
55
Superscription (Rx)
Proves it is a prescription document
56
Inscription
Drug name Concentration Type of preparation
57
Subscription (Disp)
Instruction for compounding medication Quantity Size of Bottle
58
Signatura
Instructions to the pharmacist that indicate info that needs to be told to patient Doctor might not write all instructions so pharmacist will
59
Refil data
This allows you to get a refil without having to go to the clinic
60
Signature
Without this you can receive anything
61
Systemic
Affecting the blood stream , entire body
62
Enteral
Oral Sublingual (placed under tongue) Rectal
63
Parental
Injection Inhalation Transdermal
64
Local
Desired action is required
65
Enteral delivery
Capsules Tablets Caplets Enteric coated Suppositories (rectal) Feeding tubes Sublingual
66
Advantages of enteral
Safe Convenient Self administered Cheaper Non invasive
67
Disadvantages of enteral
Slow onset of action Possible GI irritation Cannot be given unconscious By the time drug gets metabolized the drugs efficiency may reduce
68
Parental drug delivery
Intradermal Subcutaneous Inteanuscular Intravenous Inhalation Transdermal Transmucosal
69
Intradermal
Injecting passing through the super dial layer of the skin
70
Subcutaneous (SC)
Injecting passing under the skin
71
Intramuscular (IM)
Needle into the muscle
72
Intravenous (IV)
Into the superficial vein
73
Inhalation
Going through the mucous membranes
74
Transdermal
A patch that sticks to skin
75
Transmucosal
Nasal
76
Retrobulbar
Through the skin below the eye
77
Subconjunctival
Underneath the clear surface of your eye
78
Intracameral
Into the anterior chamber of eyeball
79
Intravitreal
Injection the vitreous ; near the retina at back of the eye
80
Parental drug delivery advantages
Rapid action More predictable Easy of administration to unconscious Avoid first pass metabolism Avoid GI irritation
81
Parental drug delivery disadvantages
Painful May damage nerves or tissue More expensive Less safe
82
Local drug delivery
Ointment Cream Gel Powder Paste
83
Local (topical)
Specific location where we want the action to take place
84
Advantage of local (topical)
Low risk of systemic adverse effects Low risk of drug interactions Small amount of drug used Low cost Avoid first pass metabolism
85
Disadvantages of local
Potential allergic reaction Thickness of skin effects absorption speed Time consuming
86
Adverse drug effects
Intolerance Iatrogenic Drug dependence Teratogenicity
87
Intolerance
Inability to metabolize or absorption a substance
88
Iatrogenic
Induced in a patient by the treatment or comments of physicians
89
Drug dependence
Often taken in larger amount or over a long period than intended
90
Teratogenicity
Something that can cause or raise the risk for a birth defect in the baby DONT USE WHEN PREGNANT
91
Type A reactions
-pharmacologically mediated
92
Type B
-hypersensitivity reactions -allergic reaction
93
Type 1 reaction
A rare life threatening reaction to a drug allergy
94
Type 2 reaction
igG and igM antibodies bind to an antigen causing other immune cells to attack it leading to destruction
95
Type 3 reaction
Large antibody Antigen complexes form and cause inflammation
96
Type 4 reaction
Inflammatory response with t-cells and macrophages that occur 24 - 72 hours after exposure to drug (often rash)
97
Stevens Johnson un drone
Type 4 reaction Delayed hypersensitivity or T cell mediated
98
Why cap colour is important
Help with identifying medication quickly Reduce drug errors Easier to identify a colour then a label
99
Red cap medication
Associated with danger
100
Antibiotics
Treatment for bacterial infection (not viral)
101
Corticosteroids
Treat inflammation and allergies
102
Cycloplegics and mydriarics
Dilate pupils and pain management
103
Alpha adrenergic agonist
Glaucoma treatment / lower intraocular
104
Beta blockers
Glaucoma treatment / reduce IOP
105
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Glaucoma treatment
106
Prostaglandin analogs
Glaucoma treatment
107
Anthistimaines
Allergies
108
Mom steroidal anti inflammatory
Postoperative inflammation

Systemic And Ocular Pathologoy And Pharmacology (3 decks)

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