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Chem/Physics > Quiz 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What does the third law of thermodynamics state?

A

You cannot lower temperature of object to absolute zero.

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2
Q

What is soda lime? What causes it to change to violet?

A
  1. Removes Co2 from AGM. (absorbs 23 Liters of Co2 for every 100g of absorbant)
  2. pH sensitive dye that turns purple in presence of carbonic acid
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3
Q

Define acceleration. What causes it? What is its SI unit of measurement?

A
  1. How velocity changes with time
  2. Changes in speed, direction, or both
  3. m/s2
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4
Q

What is specific gravity? What instrument is used to measure it in liquids? How does it work?

A
  1. Relationship between objects density to water density
  2. Hydrometer
  3. Sinks until it displaces amount of fluid equal to its weight
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5
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A
  • Change in internal energy = energy transferred from object with higher temp + work done on object
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6
Q

What does narrowing a tube do to speed and flow rate?

A

Speed tremendously increases, flow rate stays same

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7
Q

What is MAC r/t anesthetic gas? How does temp effect it?

A
  1. 50% of people will not move with certain dose of gas
  2. 1° C decrease in temp = 2-5% decrease in MAC
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8
Q

What does protein binding effect r/t pharmacodynamics of local anesthetics?

A

Duration of action

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9
Q

Pressure needed to maintain flow of fluid thru a tube is propotional to what? and inversly to?

A
  1. Proportional to pipe length and avg speed of fluid
  2. Inversly proportional to cross-sectional area of tube
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10
Q

What will happen if soda lime is bad? What should you do if you cant change it immediatly?

A
  1. Measure inspired Co2, patient will rebreathe co2
  2. Increase FGF
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11
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

Solution contains max amount of solute

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12
Q

What happens to flow if you double, triple radius?

A

Double= flow increases 16-fold

Triple= flow increases by power of 80

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13
Q

What is displacement? Can work be done without it?

A
  1. Change in position related to its specific origin
  2. No. If there is no displacement, no work has been done.
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14
Q

How many joules is one calorie (thermochemical)?

A

4.184 J

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15
Q

What does Henry’s Law state?

A

If temp is constant, amount of gas dissolved in liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas

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16
Q
  1. What is work?
  2. What is its equation?
  3. What is its SI unit?
A
  1. The expentiture of energy also described as a force acting through a distance
  2. W = F x d
    • F= magnitude of force
    • d= magnitude of diplacement
  3. Joules
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17
Q

What does viscosity measure? What are the effects of high and low viscosity of fluid within a tube? What is viscosity of blood?

A
  1. Resistance to flow
  2. High viscosity= slow flow, Low viscosity= easier flow
  3. 1/30 poise
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18
Q

What has the greatest effect on flow through a tube?

A

Change in radius

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19
Q
  1. What is an Aneroid bell?
  2. What does it measure?
  3. What is a common example often used in anesthesia?
  4. What does it mean in greek?
A
  1. Gauge that relies on expansion and contraction of bellows as pressure changes
  2. Measures either absolute pressure (gauge sealed from atm) or gauge pressure (gauge open to atmosphere)
  3. Bourdon gauge
  4. Without llquid
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20
Q

What is the food Calorie? Why is capital C important?

A
  1. Food Calorie is a kilocalorie or 1,000 calories
  2. Calorie with a capital is 1,000x’s greater than calorie with lower-case c
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21
Q

What describes the process of dynamic equilibrium?

A
  • Most chemical reactions are reversable
    • Reactants combine to give products
    • Products fall apart to give reactants
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22
Q

What is atmospheric pressure? What instrument is used to measure it? What is the SI unit?

A
  1. Air pressure from gearth pulling on atmosphere resulting in force spread over the earth’s surface
  2. Barometer
  3. 1 atm or 760mmHg
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23
Q

What is entropy?

A

A system’s randomness or disorder

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24
Q

Define heat. What is its SI unit?

A
  1. Energy that can be transferred from higher temp to lower temp object until both bodies are equal
  2. calories
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25
When pH drops, weak acids become more \_\_\_\_\_
Nonionized
26
What is one thermochemical calorie?
The energy needed to raise the temp of 1g of water 1o C
27
What does Poiseuille's Law state?
The laminar flow rate of an incompressible fluid though a tube is proportional to fourth power of its radius
28
What is tonicity?
Concentratons of solutes in osmotic systems
29
When pH increases, weak bases become more \_\_\_\_\_.
Nonionized
30
Base + base = \_\_\_\_\_
Nonionized
31
How does temp effect gas?
As temp increases solubility decreases
32
What does the second law of thermodynamics state? What is another name for it?
1. When two objects are in contact, heat flows from hot object to cold 2. Entropy Law
33
What is a manometer? How does it work?
1. Tool used to measure pressure differences 2. One end connects to the pressure system being measured. Other end to atmosphere. Difference then calculated.
34
What is gravity? What is the measurement for the gravity of earth?
1. The universal attraction between all masses 2. gearth = 9.8m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2
35
What is the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem?
Total work done on a system = system's change in kinetic energy
36
What does Pascal's Principle state?
Pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout fluid by same amount
37
What is energy? What are the two units of measurement?
1. Energy is the capacity to do work 2. Joules or calories
38
What does Bernoulli's Principle state? What instruments uses this principle? (2)
* Pressure of fluid varies inversely with speed. * Increased speed decreases pressure 1. Venturi flowmeter 2. Aspirator
39
What is the law of energy conservation?
Energy is not created, nor destroyed; it is only converted to other forms
40
Ionic compounds are assumed to be soluble in what?
Water
41
What is turbulent flow? How does it effect resistance?
1. Flow pattern that is continuously varying, abruptly changing, and chaotic 2. Increases resistance
42
How does lipid-solubility effect potency of local anesthetic?
Greater lipid solubility of drug = greater potency of drug
43
What does Ka represent?
Weak acid
44
When does a force do work?
* When it acts on an object and displaces the object in the direction of the force
45
What is kinetic energy? What is its SI unit?
1. Energy an object in motion 2. Joules
46
Acid + acid = \_\_\_\_\_
Nonionized
47
When does Ka equal pH?
When a weak acid equals its conjugate base or vice versa
48
What is a vector quantity?
Has both magnitude and direction
49
Does ionized or nonionized drug readily penetrate blood brain barrier?
Non-ionized
50
The tendency for turbulent flow within a blood vessel is in direct proportion to what? (3)
1. Density of blood 2. Velocity of blood flow 3. Diameter of blood vessel
51
What does the laminar flow equation state?
Laminar flow is diectly proportional to the 4th power of its radius
52
What is solubility?
Amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given time
53
What does Le Chateller's Principle state?
* When a system in dynamic equilibrium is disturbed, it will try to restore equilibrium * Changing reaction condition (concentrations, temp) moves system further away from equilibrium
54
What is a force? What is its SI unit of measurement?
1. A push or pull 2. Newtons
55
Define miscible.
Two liquids that are soluble in each other in all proportions
56
What is an amphoteric species? What is an example?
1. Can behave as an acid or base 2. Water
57
What is power? What is its SI unit? How is it described as an equation?
1. Rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy 2. Watt 3. power = amount of work/time
58
What are three ways to increase flow rate through an IV cathetar?
1. Raising hieght of IV bag or adding pressure 2. Large gauge IV 3. Shorter length cathetar
59
How pulse oximetry work? What are the two wavelengths and there measurements? What can cause false readings?
1. 2 wavelengths of light analyze changes in light absorption shown through pulsatile bed 2. Red- 660 nanometers, Infrared- 940 nanometers 3. Carboxy HGB, methylene blue, indigo green
60
What determines drug effectiveness?
The degree of ionizaton
61
What does the kinetic molecular theory of gases state?
* A sample of a single type of gas molecules yeilds a temp that is proportional to its kinetic energy
62
What is a supersaturated solution?
Solution contains more solute than allowed by its solubility
63
What is the constant for equilibrium? What is it?
1. K 2. Numerical constant that describes balance between reactants and products
64
What is potential energy?
Stored energy within an object r/t its position that can be used later
65
What is specific heat? Give example of common material with low and high specific heat and their effect on heat.
1. Heat needed to raise temp of 1g of material 1° C 2. a) Low- Metals * Small amount of heat energy needed to raise temp * Great thermal conductor b) High- Water * Lot of heat needed to raise temp * Great thermal insulator
66
What are state functions? What are the three most common examples?
1. Mathmatical functions that describe the state of a system 2. Temperature, pressure, volume
67
What is hydrodynamics?
The movement of fluids
68
Define temperature.
Numerical ranking of hot and cold or the tendency to gain/lose heat
69
Where are fluid molecules within a pipe moving the fastest?
In the center
70
What is thermodynamics?
The study of energy, how it changes forms, and how it flows in and out of systems
71
What was a copper kettle used for? How does it work?
1. Used to maintain constant temperature of anesthetic vapor 2. Copper's relatively high specific heat (lots of heat needed to change its temp) and high thermal conductivity (heat is quickly and easily conducted through it)
72
1. What is a bourdon gauge? 2. How does it work? 3. Does it contain liquid? 4. What does a pressure reading of zero psi mean?
1. Aneroid style gauge on gas cylinders 2. Coiled tube connected to a pointer. Measures pressure difference btwn gas pressure and atm pressure 3. No 4. Tank is NOT empty. Pressure within tank = atmospheric pressure
73
What is pressure? What is the SI unit? How do you increase/decrease it?
* P = force/area * Psi * Increase 1. Increase force 2. Decrease area * Decrease (opposite)
74
What happens when the equilibrium constant increases? Decreases?
* When it increases, reactant favors products * When it decreases, reactant favors starting material
75
What is Reynold's number? What happens when it becomes \> 2,000 within a blood vessel?
1. Calculation that predicts turbulent flow 2. Flow usually becomes turbulent no matter how smooth or straight the vessel
76
What is inversly proportional to tendency of turbulent flow in blood vessel?
Blood viscosity
77
What does doubling the diameter of a syringe do to the pressure within it?
Decreases the pressure by a factor of 4
78
What does pressure do to a gas solute?
Increasing pressure, increases solubility
79
Define osmosis
Diffusion of water from high to low concentration
80
What is a scaler quantity? Name an example.
1. Scaler quantity has only magnitude 2. Age, mass, height
81
According to the first law of thermodynamics, what does the following inequalities represent? (Q) = sum of heat flow of object (W) = work on/by object Q \> 0 Q \< 0 W \< 0 W \> 0
Q \> 0 ⇒ Endothermic; energy flows into the object Q \< 0 ⇒ Exothermic; energy flows out of the object W \< 0 ⇒ Work done by the object, expansion W \> 0 ⇒ Work done on the object, compression
82
What does the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics state? (2)
1. Two objects that are the same temperature are at a thermal equilibrium and no heat will flow between them 2. Energy moves from hot to cold area
83
What is flow rate r/t liquids? What is its unit of measurement?
1. Volume of fluid passing a particle at given time 2. m/s3

Chem/Physics (3 decks)

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