Quiz 1 Reverse Questions Flashcards
The most important service of the Catholic Church.
From “Ite, missa est,” Go, the congregation is dismissed.
The Mass
The body of texts and rites that make up a sacred service.
The Christian service commemorates the last supper of Jesus and his disciples as found in the New Testament
Liturgy
the five prayers that are always present in the Mass
Ordinary
Kyrie - Lord
Gloria - Glory
Credo - I believe
Sanctus - Holy
Agnus Dei - The Lamb of God
Five Ordinary Prayers
The music they sang.
Chant
Any other pieces that don’t begin with the ordinary prayers
eg: Collects, Gospel, Alleluia, etc
Proper
Syllabic: One note per syllable
Neumatic: 2- 5 notes per syllable
Melismatic: More than 5 notes per syllable
Text Setting
- Monophonic (single line music)
- Limited melodic range
- Unmeasured rhythm
- Based on modes
- Strophic (the same music for each line of text) setting is often used.
Characteristics of a chant
The manner in which people performed aspects of the music that was not indicated on the page.
Performance Practice
Rhythm, tempo, dynamics, articulations, starting pitch and how many people are singing in the chant.
Examples of performance practice
Direct performance: Singing in unison
Responsorial performance: Leader alternates with ensemble
Antiphona performancel: Alternating choirs
the 3 different group settings in chants
Guido d’Arezzo invented a system used as an aid to remember the pitches in melismatic passages. (Solfege)
Solmization
This applied to a chant line. As the pieces grew longer, the pitches of the chant line were repeated
Isorhythm (equal rhythm)
Rhythmic pattern in certain medieval choral compositions
Talea
Repeated pitches of the chant line
Color
Hand gestures to show the rising and falling of pitches
Chironomy
A chant sang alternately by two groups.
Antiphony
The simultaneous performance of different versions of the same melody by different voices or instruments
Heterophony
Single line of music
Monophony
Reciting tone and tenor are other names for what term?
Confinalis
Tonic
Finalis
secondary most important note. This is the note in the mode used if you were repeating many words on the same syllable
Confinalis
What do you find by going up five pitches? (If the note is B, make it a C)
The confinalis in authentic modes
Principal line of music.
Cantus Firmus
What do you find by taking the Confinalis of the Authentic mode and go down a third (If the note is B, make it a C)
The confinalis of a hypo mode
Type of singing where the same note is used when repeating many words on the same syllable.
Cantillation
Chant, Vox Principalis or Plainsong are alternative name for what term?
Cantus Firmus
Unison, fourth, fifth and octave
Perfectus
Added voice to cantus firmus (Counterpoint line)
Vox Organalis
Range
Ambit’s
seconds, thirds, sixths, sevenths…
Imperfects
The raising and lowering of pitches by either the performer or the composer
Musica Ficha
The replacing of one text with a new text (Usually so it can be performed at church)
Contrafactum
Indicates the first pitch of the next line.
Custos
How many melodic modes are there?
8
Before the vocal polyphony started, a soloist would chant a few notes of the opening of the tenor part. This provided the sound of the pitch for the day.
Incipit
Moving from one hexachord to another
Mutation
Medieval practice of a single melody that is shared between two (or occasionally more) voices such that alternately one voice sounds while the other rests.
Hocket
Hold or sustain.
Also called St. Martial, Melismatic, or Organum Purum
Tenor
F : MOLL
G : DUR
C: NATURAL.
Hexachords
Name and number the authentic melodic modes
Dorian (1), Phrygian (3), Lydian (5) and Mixolydian (7)
Name and number the hypo (plagal) melodic modes
Hypodorian (2), Hypophrigian (4), Hypolydian (6) and Hypomixolydian (8)
How many rhythmic modes are there?
6
Name the last 3 rhythmic modes
Mode 4: Short Long Long (eight note, quarter note, dotted quarter note)
Mode 5: Long Long (two dotted quarter notes)
Mode 6: Short Short Short (3 eight notes)
Name the first 3 rhythmic modes
Mode 1: Long Short (quarter note, eight note)
Mode 2: Short Long (eight note, quarter note)
Mode 3: Long Short Long (dotted quarter note, eight note, quarter note)
One voice goes Ti-Do, the other voice goes Fi-Sol.
Example: Phrygian - D#-E, A#-B
Double leading tone cadence
Earliest two voiced counterpoint
Organum
What cadence did Machaut invent?
Double leading tone cadence
When the melodic line moves Ti-La-Do
Landini cadence
Single line melodies being sung by a choir.
Plainchant/plainsong
Parallel: Moves in 4ths or 5ths
Free: Vox Orginalis moves in parallel, contrary, similar or oblique motion
Aquitanian: Chant voice is very sustained, and known as a Tenor.
Types of organum that didn’t have a fixed rhythm
Notre Dame (measured organum): Two or more parts added to chant in measured rhythm using the six rhythmic modes
Type of organum that has a fixed rhythm
Newly composed section of discant inserted into a pre-existing setting of the organum.
Clausula
New Clausulae sections that could replace old ones. Written for popular clausulae.
Substitute Clausula
What kind of piece could a Motet be?
Sacred or Secular
Newly composed additions usually in neumatic style to antiphonal chants of the proper
Trope
Kinds of tropes
- New words and music added to a regular chant.
- Extending melismas or adding new ones.
- Adding text only to existing melismas.
The new art. French musical style of the first half of the 14th century
Ars Nova
Ancient Art. Musical activity before the 14th century
Ars Antiqua
French Song
Chanson
a singer or writer of chansons, especially a cabaret performer who specializes in songs that are a combination of melody and rapid spoken pattern.
Channsonniers
Clausula sections that became independent pieces to be performed during a Church service.
By the Ars Nova, the Motet could be either a sacred piece or a secular piece.
Motet
What are these characteristics from?
- Non-imitative counterpoint between the lines
- Dissonance between the parts.
- Each line was complete and independent on its own. As long as one resolved at the correct spots, the ear would accept the dissonance along the way.
- Preference for a HETEROGENEOUS texture (independence of parts, non- imitative counterpoint).
Motet
Contains two or more voices overlapping each other. These different voices can mean both male and female voices, different languages, or a combination of the two. Written with a lively free, speech-like rhythm for Triplum.
Polytextual Motet
Poet-composers who flourished in Northern France
Trouveres
Poet-composers who flourished in Southern France
Troubadours
Female version of troubadours
Trobairitz
People that traveled town to town singing the songs of the Trouveres and Troubadours
Jongleurs
German traveling musicians
Spielleute
German Song
Lied
Footloose clerics who migrated from one school to another. Their vagabond way of life, scorned by respectable people, was celebrated in their songs.
Goliards
The ensemble that performed instrumental music
Consort
(Also known as the flauto) a wind instrument with no reed, still in existence today.
The Recorder
A double reed instrument that evolves into the oboe.
The Shawm
A double reed instrument with a bag filled with air, allowing the performer to take a breath while the sound continued through a series of pipes, usually tonic and dominant. It reverts to being primarily a folk instrument associated with Ireland and Scotland.
The Bagpipe
A double reed instrument that evolves into the bassoon.
The Racket/Dulcet
A brass instrument with a slide and mouthpiece that evolved the Trombone.
The Sackbut
A double reed instrument with a curved bell. (Krum means curved). It has a nasal buzzy sound, closer to a Kazoo. It will not survive as an instrument.
Crummhorn (Krumhorn)
A hunting instrument that could only play the OVERTONE SERIES, and therefore, could not perform in Church music or secular music.
Horn
Like the horn, played only the overtone series, and was used for royalty and warfare.
The Trumpet
Wind instrument that dates from the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods, popular from 1500 to 1650. (sounds like a lose trumpet)
Cornetto, cornett or zink
Types of Viols
Viola da gamba and Viola da braccia
- Played between the legs
- 6 strings tuned in 4ths with 3d in middle Fretted
- Flat back and curved sloping shoulders
- The sophisticated string instrument in the Church and aristocracy
- They begin to lose popularity in the Baroque period
Viola da gamba
- Played on the arm tuned in 5ths
- Unfretted
- Rounded back and curved shoulders
- Peasant instrument
- They rise in popularity in the Baroque period, and survive today as the violin, viola and cello
Viola da braccia
Could have a variety of strings, depending on the size of the instrument. With tuning pegs on the top of the frame, could be re-tuned to allow it to play in a variety of modes.
The Harp
Six-string instrument from India
The Sitar
Five-string instrument
The Pentar
Four-string instrument which later became the guitar.
The Chitarre
Most prized string instrument that came from the Mid-East. Also known as the OUD.
The Lute
Organ and Harpsichord
Name the most common keyboard instruments
Keyboard instrument that was popular in the court system and for home entertainment.
The Harpsichord
For use in church and the portative version (a small portable instrument with a small keyboard. One hand played monophonic music on the keyboard while the other hand pumped the bellows to provide the air needed.
The Organ
Percussion instruments
There is a wide variety of percussion instruments used in the Medieval period, and a great amount of iconography illustrating them. There are no percussion parts, however, as they were improvised, usually for standardized rhythmic patterns for military and dance music.
The earliest notation dance music to survive, a dance from Southern France.
Estampie
Famous for her prophetic powers and revelations
All her music is monophonic
Hildegard von Bingen
Most famous work is Ordo Virtutum
Hildegard von Bingen
Italian music theorist from the town of d’Arezzo who invented a system known as Solmization
Guido d’Arezzo
Most famous work is Micrologus
Guido d’Arezzo
Considered to be the greatest composer of the Ars Nova
Guillaume de Machaut
Most famous work is Mass of Notre Dame
Guillaume de Machaut
Used hockets and double leading tone cadence
Machaut
French poet-composer trouvère. Among the few medieval composers to write both monophonic and polyphonic music
Adam de la Halle
Most famous work is Jeu de Robin et Marion
Adam de la Halle
He proposed that duple division of note values should be allowed with triple and invented new notation practices to satisfy the demands of the new music.
Philip de Virty
Jeu de Robin et Marion is an example of which type of piece?
Pastourelle
Most famous work is Ars Nova Musicae
Philip de Virty
The most revered and influential authority on music in the Middle Ages.
Boethius
Most famous work is De Institutione Musica
Boethius
It was at Notre Dame that two of the earliest composers for which we have information, who were writing music and contributing to the development of polyphony. Their music became associated with what history has termed the Notre Dame School of Polyphony. It’s with these two composers that we can begin to trace the modern roots of modern Western music.
Leonin and Perotin
