Quiz #1 pointers Flashcards
Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the growth and development of a fetus?
-Ultrasonography
-MRI
-X-ray
-PET
-CT
ultrasoundography
The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting about 60% to 80% of body weight, is ________.
-protein
-oxygen
-hydrogen
-water
water
Which of the following is a logical organization?
-Molecules, atoms, cells, tissues
-Atoms, cells, molecules, tissues
-Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues
-Atoms, tissues, molecules, cells
-Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues
Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels?
-cardiovascular physiology
-systemic physiology
-systemic anatomy
-cardiovascular anatomy
-vascular physiology
cardiovascular physiology
Produces antibodies that attach to foreign substances.
-Cardiovascular
-Endocrine
-Immune
-Lymphatic
immune
Although a man who weighs 175 pounds on Earth would be lighter on the moon and heavier on Jupiter, his ________ would not be different.
-Energy
-Mass
-Weight
-Matter
mass
When the bonds of ATP are broken, energy is released to do cellular work.
-Radiant energy
-Mechanical energy
-Electrical energy
-Chemical energy
chemical energy
The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom?
2, 8
2, 8, 1
2
2, 8, 8
2,8,1
Produced in the nucleus, this molecule specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made.
-Transfer RNA
-Ribosomal RNA
-Messenger RNA
-ATP
-Synthetase enzymes
messenger RNA
Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell.
-Late prophase
-Telophase
-Early prophase
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
anaphase
What is homeostasis
-maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
-a dynamic state of equilibrium
What are the homeostatic control mechanisms
-involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors (variables)
-nervous and endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones
What happens is there is an imbalance/disturbance in homeostasis?
-increase risk of disease
-contributes to changes associated with aging
-may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (EX: heart failure)
What is responsiveness/irritability
-the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments
What are the 6 levels of organization from simplest to most complex?
(HINT:C.C.T.O.O.O)
CHEMICAL: atoms and molecules
CELLULAR: cells and their organelles
TISSUE: groups of similar cells
ORGAN: contains two or more types of tissues
ORGAN SYSTEM: organs that work closely together
ORGANISMAL: all organ systems
What are the number of electrons on different energy levels.
2,8,18,32
What are 3 different types of bonds
-ionic
-hydrogen
-covalent
What is an ionic bond
a chemical bond formed when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom
What are the 11 organ systems
(HINT: I.S.M.N.E.C.L.R.D.U.R)
-integumentary system
-skeletal system
-muscular system
-nervous system
-endocrine system
-cardiovascular system
-lymphatic system
-respiratory system
-digestive system
-urinary system
-reproductive system (M/F)
Describe the integumentary system
-encloses internal body structures
-site of many sensory receptors
EX: skin, hair, nails
Describe the skeletal system
-supports the body
-enables the movement (with muscular system)
EX: cartilage, bones, joints
Describe the muscular system
-enables movement (with skeletal system)
-helps maintain body temperature
EX: skeletal muscles, tendons
Describe the nervous system
-detects and processes sensory information
-activates bodily responses
EX: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
Describe the endocrine system
-secretes hormones
-regulates bodily processes
EX: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries
Describe the cardiovascular system
-delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues
-equalizes temperature in the body
EX: heart, blood vessels
Describe the lymphatic system
-returns fluid to blood
-defends against pathogens
EX: thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels
Describe the respiratory system
-removes carbon dioxide from the body
-delivers oxygen to blood
EX: nasal passage, trachea, lungs
Describe the digestive system
-processes food for the use by the body
-removes wastes from undigested food
EX: stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestines, small intestines
Describe the urinary system
-controls water balance in the body
-removes wastes from blood and excretes them
EX: kidneys, urinary bladder
Describe the male reproductive system
-produces sex hormones and gametes
-delivers gametes to female
EX: epididymus, testes
Describe the female reproductive system
-produces sex hormones and gametes
-supports embryo/ fetus until birth
-produces mile for infant
EX: mammary glands, ovaries, uterus
What is negative feedback
Has 3 basic components:
SENSOR: monitors a physiological value
CONTROL CENTER: compares the value to the normal range
EFFECTOR: causes change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range
What is positive feedback
-intensifies a change in the body’s physiological
-a deviation from the normal range results in more change, and the system moves farther away from the normal range
-normal only when there is a definite endpoint
-childbirth and the body’s response to blood loss are two examples of positive feedback loops that are normal but are activated only when needed
What are the functional characteristics of life
-responsiveness
-movement
-nutrients
-oxygen
-water
-normal body temp
-appropriate atmospheric pressure
What is X-ray
-a form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases
What is computed tomography (CT)
-a noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional x-rays in order to reveal minute details about structures in the body
What is MRI
-generates a magnetic field around a patient
what is PET scan
-use radiopharmaceuticals to create images of active blood flow and physiologic activity of the organ or organs targeted
What is an ultrasound
-used to monitor pregnancies because it is the least invasive of imaging techniques and uses no electromagnetic radiation
What is anabolism
-the process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combines into larger, more complex substances
What is catabolism
-the process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules.
-releases energy
What is a hydrogen bond
-formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom from another molecule
EX: oxygen in H2O
What is a covalent bond
-shared electrons in a mutually stabilizing relationship
What is the atomic number of an element
-the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom, identifies the element
What is the mass number of an element
-sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
What are isotopes
-one of the different forms of an element, distinguished from one another by different numbers of neutrons
What is a peptide bond
-a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water
What is glycogen
-a stored form of glucose made up of many connected glucose molecules
What are carbohydrates
-sugar molecules
MONOSACCHARIDES: monomer of carbohydrates
DISACCHARIDES: pair of monosaccharides
POLYSACCHARIDES: contain a few to a thousand or more monosaccharides
What are the levels of protein synthesis
What elements make up the human body
-oxygen 65% *
-carbon 18.5% *
-hydrogren 9.5% *
-nitrogen 3.2% *
-calcium 1.5%
-phosphorus 1%
-Potassium 0.4%
-sulfur 0.3%
-sodium 0.2%
-chlorine 0.2%
-magnesium 0.1%
*=important to know
What is the storage form of starch, carbs, etc
What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS: Monomers are. joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation
HYDROLYSIS: monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other
What are proteins
-organic molecule composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
-amino acid: molecule composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group
What are the 4 shapes of proteins
-PRIMARY: polypeptide chain
-SECONDARY: alpha-helix or beta pleated sheet maintained by hydrogen bonds between amino acids
-TERTIARY: result of further folding and bonding of secondary structure
-QUATERNARY: interaction between two or more subunits
What is the function of an enzyme
- substrates approach active sites on enzyme
2.substrates bind to active sites, producing an enzyme-substrate complex
3.changes internal to the enzyme-substrate complex facilitate interaction of the substrates
4.products are released and enzyme returns to its original form, ready to facilitate another enzymatic reation
What are enzymes
-decrease activation energy required for a given reaction to occur
What is the difference between a stable and unstable atom
What is a single and a double covalent bond
SINGLE: hydrogen gas (H-H), two atoms of hydrogen each share their solitary electron in a single covalent bond
DOUBLE: oxygen gas (O=O), an atom of oxygen has six electrons in its valence shell; thus two more would make it stable. two atoms of oxygen achieve stability by sharing two pairs of electrons in a double covalent bond
What are the 6 phases of mitosis
-prophase
-prometaphase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase
-cytokinesis
What happens during prophase
-chromosomes condense and become visible
-spindle fibers emerge from the centromeres
-nuclear envelope breaks down
-centrosomes move towards opposite poles
What happens during prometaphase
-chromosomes continue to condense
-kinetochores appear at the centromeres
-mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores
What happens during metaphase
-chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate
-each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originiating from opposite poles
What happens during anaphase
-centromeres split in two
-sister chromatids (chromosomes) are pulled towards opposite poles
-certain spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell
What happens during telophase
-chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense
-nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes
-the mitotic spindle breaks
-spindle fiber continue to push poles apart
What happens during cytokinesis
-ANIMAL CELLS: a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells
PLANT CELLS: a cell plate, the precursor to a new cell wall, separates the daughter cells
What is osmosis
-the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient
-if a membrane is permeable to water, though not to a solute, water will equalize its own concentration by diffusing to the side of lower water concentration
What are 3 different concentration solutions. What happens to cells in different tonicity?
HYPERTONIC: solute concentration is higher than another solution (cells shrink)
ISOTONIC: solute concentration equal to another solution (cells remain the same)
HYPOTONIC: solute concentration lower than another solution (cells will swell)
What are the 4 different types of vesicular transport
-endocytosis
-phagocytosis: relatively nonselective, the cell takes in a large particle
-pinocytosis: the cell takes in small particles in fluid
-exocytosis: endocytosis in reverse
What is endocytosis
-a form of active transport in which a cell envelopes extracellular material using its cell membrane
What is exocytosis
-endocytosis in reverse
-material destined for export is packaged into a vesicle inside the cell
-the membrane of the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, and the contents are released into the extracellular space
What is receptor mediated endocytosis
-quite selective
-when external receptors bind a specific ligand, the cell responds by endocytosing the ligand
What is the difference between DNA and RNA
DNA: self replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. (carrier of genetic information)
RNA: nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA
-adenine
-thymine
-guanine
-cytosine
How do you make protein from DNA
-transcription through translation
-transcription within the cell nucleus produces an mRNA molecule which is modified and then sent into the cytoplasm for translation
-the transcript is decoded into protein with the help of a ribosome and tRNA moleucles
What is transcription
-in the first of the two stages of making protein from DNA, a gene on the DNA molecule is transcribed into a complementary mRNA molecule
DNA to mRNA
What is translation
-during translation, the mRNA transcript is “read” by a functional complex consisting of the ribosome and tRNA molecules
-tRNAs bring the appropriate amino acids in sequence to the growing polypeptide chain by matching their anti-codons with codons on the mRNA strand
-RNA to protein
Where does aerobic respiration occur
the mitochondria
What is the function of the golgi apparatus
-manipulates products from the rough ER and produces lysosomes
-organizes, packages, and tags proteins and other products from the ER and transported to other areas of the cell or exported through exocytosis
What is the function of the mitochondria
-energy-conversion factories
-produce ATP
what is the function of the peroxisome
-membrane bound organelles that contain an abundance of enzymes for detoxifying harmful substances and lipid metabolism
What is the function of the cytoskeleton
-consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
-maintains cell shape and structure, promoting cellular movement, and aiding cell division
What is the function of the nucleus
-control center of the cell
-contains genetic material that determines the entire structure and function of that cell
What is the function of the cell/plasma membrane
-regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell
-phospholipid bilayer containing many different molecular components, including proteins and cholesterol, some with carbohydrate groups attached
-passive and active transport
What are the 3 different types of RNA and their functions
mRNA: complementary to DNA molecule and carries instructions to make a specific protein
tRNA: bring appropriate amino acids in sequence to the growing polypeptide chain by matching their anti-codons with codons on the mRNA strand (plays a role in protein synthesis)
rRNA: molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-syntesizing organelle known as ribosome and is exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the information in mRNA into protein
What is the difference between active and passive transport
ACTIVE: require energy for movement of molecules
PASSIVE: does not require for movement of molecules
what is the ratio of sodium and potassium movement in sodium potassium pump
in a single cycle of the pump, 3 sodium ions are extruded from and two potassium ions are imported into the cell
what are glycoprotein
protein with carbohydrate attached
what are glycolipids
lipid with carbohydrate attached
what is the structure of a phospholipid
-consists of a polar phosphate “head” which is hydrophillic
-nonpolar lipid “tail” whoch is hydrophobic
