Quiz 1: Normal Phonological Development

Question 1

True or False: Speech and Voice are interchangable terms. Explain.

Answer 1

False: They are not interchangeable.
-Speech involves the vocal tract

-Voice involves the larynx/vocal folds

Question 2

Explain Structural & Functional Development

Answer 2

Both structure and function of respiratory, phonatory, resonatory & articulatory mechanisms much change before regular activities begin.

-Ability to produce sounds is highly complex process that depends primarily on the anatomical-physiological changes that occur as growth and maturation takes place.

Simple Terms: An infant does not have space in oral cavity for complex speech

Question 3

Explain Anatomy of a Newborn’s Oral and Pharyngeal Cavity

Answer 3

Both cavities are primarily used for sucking and swallowing actions

-Tongue fills the oral cavity completely leaving no space for the buccal area
-Production of sounds are severely restricted

Question 4

Explain Anatomy of a Newborn’s Larynx

Answer 4

Larynx is close to the angle between neck and chin

*Restricted position of the larynx does not allow vocal tract to effectively elongate

Question 5

Explain Anatomical Changes: Around 1st Birthday

Answer 5

1. Expansions of the laryngeal and pharyngeal cavity
2. Changes in the form and mobility of the arytenoid cartilages (controls VF), soft palate, and tongue
   *VF is more developed and mobile
3. Fine Tuning and Coordination of the lips, mandible, tongue, and velar movements

Question 6

Describe Early Speech Perception

Answer 6

1. Auditory experiences begin before birth (third trimester)
2. Fetuses have clear sensitivity to melody contours in language and music
3. Newborns prefer mother’s voice over others
4. Newborn’s cry melodies appear to be shaped by native language

Question 7

What is Categorical Perception?

Answer 7

Tendency of listeners to perceive differences in speech sounds according to classifications of their native language

-Sucking rates studies infants (1mo) demonstrated categorical perception between /b/ and /p/

Question 8

What is Voiced Onset Time? (VOT)

Answer 8

Duration of the period of time between release of a plosive and the beginning of vocal folds vibrating

Question 9

What is Perceptual Constancy?

Answer 9

Ability to identify the same sounds across different speakers, pitches and other changing environmental conditions

*PC for vowels/consonants within diff. Contexts observed in children’s 5.5m-10mo of age

*Ex. ‘Ball’ is understood regardless of language pronunciation

Question 10

What are Phonemic Contrasts?

Answer 10

Differentiating between phonemes that signal differences in word meanings

*Some easier than others
-Ex. /b-d/ (18 mo) vs /s-z/ (25 mo)

Question 11

List 5 Prelinguistic Stages

Answer 11

Stage 1. Reflexive Crying & Vegetative Sounds (B-2mo)
Stage 2. Cooing/Gooing & Laughter/Controlled Phonation-Learning to use VF (1-4mo)
Stage 3. Vocal Play or Expansion:playing with sounds/developing pattern (3-8mo)
Stage 4. Basic (canonical) babbling (5-10mo)
Stage 5. Advanced Forms (9-18mo): overlaps w/ meaningful words

Question 12

What are the 2 subcategories of Canonical Babbling (Stage 4)?

Answer 12

Reduplicated Babbling and Non-Reduplicated Babbling

Question 13

Describe Reduplicated Babbling

Answer 13

-Similar strings of CV production (open syllable)

-Slight vowel variation

-Consonants remain same from syllable to syllable
(Ex. Gaga)

Question 14

Describe Non-Reduplicated Babbling aka Variegated Babbling

Answer 14

-Variation of both consonants and vowels from syllable to syllable

*ex. Ba-ta

Question 15

True or False: Initial Babbling Stage is used in self-stimulatory manner, later stage may be used in ritual imitation games with adults.

Answer 15

True.

Question 16

List and Describe Stage 5: Advanced Forms (9-18mo)

Answer 16

Jargon, Diphthongs, Echolalia

*Jargon: Characterized by strings of babbled utterances that follow adult-like intonation, rhythm and pausing

*Sounds like a child attempting sentences w/out actual words

*More Complex Syllable prod.
-Ex. CCV pwei for play; CCVC-bwun for ballon

Question 17

True or False: Parents think negatively about Jargon

Answer 17

False.
Parents understand that child is attempting to imitate adult-speech and is actively participating in language acquisition

Question 18

What is the difference between Vocoids and Contoids?

Answer 18

*terms used end of babbling stage

Vocoids: Nonphonemic vowel-like productions

Contoids: Nonphonemic consonant-like productions

Question 19

What is are expected Syllable Shapes towards end of Babbling stage?

Answer 19

Open Syllables (most common, less closed syllables): V, CV, VCV, CVCV

By 24 mo: CVC, CVCVC, CCVC, CC(C)VCC

Question 20

True or False: It is easier to produce Open-Syllables

Answer 20

True.

Question 21

What is Greater Babbling Complexity associated with?

Answer 21

-Greater language growth

-Increased diversity of Contoid productions

*Child using consonants and jargon are on their way to production of words

Question 22

How are Prosodic Features related to Canonical Babbling Phase?

Answer 22

PF considers stress and intonation of a language
-Infants going through phase begin to learn PF

*Ex. Declarative vs. Question

Question 23

Describe the First 50-word Stage (12-24mo)

Answer 23

Beginning of the Linguistic Phase
-Time children begin using first words up to 18-24mo
-Existence of relatively stable phonetic form that is produced consistently by child in specific context and recognized as an adult-like word

*ex. ‘Ba’ for Ball or “Dodo” for Ball

Question 24

What happens to children when they have their first 50 words? (18mo)

Answer 24

They begin to combine words.

-Significant individual variability
-Might show sound preferences

Question 25

Who are ‘Late Talkers’?

Answer 25

24mo child has <50 word vocabulary
Or
Phonetic inventory w/ 4-5 consonants + limited variety of vowels

Question 26

True or False: By end of preschool years, a complete phonological system has emerged

Answer 26

True

Question 27

True or False: By age 3, all vowels are learned

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What are Phonological Processes?

Answer 28

Simplifications as children mature and develop
-Errors don’t automatically mean a disorder

Question 29

List Syllable Structure Processes: Tendency to reduce words to basic CV structures

Answer 29

1. Reduplication
2. Final Consonant Deletion
3. Unstressed Syllable Deletion/Weak Syllable Deletion
4. Cluster Reduction
5. Epenthesis

Question 30

List Substitution Processes: When one Speech Sound is Substituted for another

Answer 30

1. Stopping: non-stop sound is stopped
2. Fronting: /k,g/ -> ‘cow’ becomes ‘tow’
3. Gliding: /r,l/ -> ‘red’ becomes ‘wed’
4. Consonants Cluster Substitution ->
   ‘Ship’ becomes ‘sip’ or ‘stop’ becomes ‘top’

Question 31

Describe Phonological Processes: Assimilation Processes

Answer 31

When one speech sound influences another

Question 32

True or False: The most frequent assimilatory processes is velar harmony. Describe what VH is.

Answer 32

True.
VH is when velar sounds in final position affect sound in the initial position.

-Ex. /gog/ for ‘dog’
Ex. /keik/ for ‘take’

Question 33

True or False: Regressive Assimilation Processes are limited to velar consonants. Why?

Answer 33

False.
Bilabials can also influence preceding nonlabial consonants and consonant clusters

*ex. /bebu/ for ‘table’
*ex. /bop/ for ‘stop’