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Neuro & OT > Quiz 1 - Neuro Overview > Flashcards

Quiz 1 - Neuro Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the enteric nervous system?

A

governs GI tract

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2
Q

What structure creates cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)?

A

choroid plexus in the ventricles

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3
Q

What is the function of the dendrites on a neuron?

A

receive input

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4
Q

What is the function of the axons?

A

carry output

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5
Q

What are axon collaterals?

A

branches of an axon

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6
Q

Where does neuronal communication occur?

A

at the synapse

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7
Q

What is an action potential triggered by?

A

excitatory synaptic input

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8
Q

What do action potentials do?

A

travel along axon to communicate w/ next neuron through release of neurotransmitters at presynaptic terminal to bind w/ postsynaptic cell receptors

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9
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

surrounds + insulates axons

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10
Q

What forms the myelin sheath in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes (glial cells)

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11
Q

What forms the myelin sheath in the PNS?

A

schwann cells (glial cells)

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12
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

indents between myelin sheath along axon + allows action potential to move rapidly

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13
Q

What is the function of neurotransmitters?

A

rapid communication between cells that either inhibit or excite

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14
Q

What is white matter made of + its function?

A

myelinated axons; passes messages throughout brain

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15
Q

What is gray matter made of + its function?

A

neuronal cell bodies; allows for processing info (movement, emotion + memory)

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16
Q

What are the names of white matter in the CNS?

A

tract, fascicle, lemniscus, bundle, commissure, afferent pathway, efferent pathway

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17
Q

What does the ANS control?

A

HR, sweating, smooth muscles of blood vessels, bronchi, sex organs, pupil

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18
Q

What occurs during fight or fight response?

A

pupil dilation, cardiac acceleration, inhibition of digestion

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19
Q

What occurs during rest and digest?

A

pupil constriction, bronchoconstriction, cardiac deceleration, salivation, intestinal vasodilation

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20
Q

Where does the sympathetic nervous system arise in the spinal cord?

A

T1-L3

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21
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system arise in the spinal cord?

A

S2-S4

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22
Q

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system release?

A

norepinephrine

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23
Q

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nervous system release?

A

acetylcholine

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24
Q

What are the “bumps” in the cerebral cortex called?

A

gyri

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25
Q

What are the crevices in the cerebral cortex called?

A

sulci

26
Q

What fissure separates the brain hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure

27
Q

What is another name for the primary motor cortex?

A

precentral gyrus

28
Q

What is another name for the primary sensory cortex?

A

post central gyrus

29
Q

What is the main tract for motor control?

A

corticospinal tract

30
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract begin and cross over?

A

starts @ primary motor cortex; crosses @ pyramidal decussation of medulla

31
Q

What does a lesion above the pyramidal decussation cause?

A

contralateral side weakness

32
Q

Where do upper motor neurons (UMNs) synapse with lower motor neurons (LMNs)?

A

anterior horn of spinal cord

33
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum and basal ganglia?

A

provide feedback by modulating output of corticospinal tract + receive input from motor cortex

34
Q

What is the result of a lesion to the cerebellum?

A

ataxia

35
Q

What is the result of a lesion to the basal ganglia?

A

hypokinetic = parkinson’s (infrequent, slow, regid movements)

hyperkinetic = huntington’s (dancelike, involuntary, involuntary movements)

36
Q

Where does sensory input go in the brain?

A

thalamus then cerebral cortex

37
Q

What are the 2 main somatosensory pathways?

A

dorsal column pathways -> proprioception, vibration + fine discrimination touch

anterolateral pathways -> pain, temp. + crude touch (spinothalamic tract)

38
Q

What is somatic sensation?

A

conscious perceptions of touch, pain, temp., vibration + propioception

39
Q

Where does the dorsal column system cross?

A

at the medulla

40
Q

Where does the spinothalamic tract cross?

A

upon entering the spinal cord

41
Q

What is the dorsal column pathway?

A

dorsal root ganglia -> spinal cord -> white matter -> medulla -> synapses w/ 2nd order sensory neuron -> crosses over -> thalamus -> 3rd order neuron -> primary somatosensory cortex in postcentral gyrus

42
Q

What is the anterolateral pathway?

A

dorsal root ganglia -> spinal cord -> 2nd order neuron -> crosses over -> thalamus -> 3rd order neuron -> primary somatosensory cortex in postcentral gyrus

43
Q

What structures make up the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus + epithalamus

44
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

relay info for almost all pathways to cerebral cortex

45
Q

What is the monosynaptic stretch reflex?

A

provides rapid local feedback for motor control; protects against strain, tears + important for posture

46
Q

What is the reticular formation and what does it do?

A

contains brainstem nuclei + involved in level of consciousness

47
Q

What is the result of a lesion to the reticular formation?

A

lethargy or coma

48
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A

regulate emotions, memory, appetite, autonomic, neuroendocrine

49
Q

What are the main parts of the limbic system?

A

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyri, several nuclei in thalamus, hypothalamus + basal ganglia

50
Q

What results from a lesion to the limbic system?

A

decreased memory, behavioral changes, seizures

51
Q

What is the function of the association cortex?

A

carries out higher-order info processing contained mostly in frontal lobe (ex. speech + language)

52
Q

What results from lesion to Wernickes area?

A

receptive aphasia

53
Q

What results from lesion to Broca’s area?

A

expressive aphasia

54
Q

What is Gerstmann’s Syndrome?

A

lesion to left parietal lobe; causes decreased calculations, right-left confusion, inability to identify fingers + difficultly w/ written language

55
Q

What results from a lesion to the association cortex in frontal or parietal lobe?

A

apraxia -> motor planning difficulties

56
Q

What is anosognosia?

A

lack of knowing possession of left hemi neglect

57
Q

What results from a lesion to the association cortex in the frontal lobe?

A

primitive reflexes, personality changes, shifting gait, urinary incontinence

58
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

can’t recognize faces

59
Q

What is achromatopsia?

A

can’t recognize color

60
Q

What is palinopsia?

A

reappearance of previously seen object

Neuro & OT (3 decks)

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