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Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of a neuron?

A

sensation, movement, autonomic, and mental processes

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2
Q

What are the 2 ways neurons communicate?

A

chemically + electronically

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3
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

clean CNS

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4
Q

What do microglia do?

A

remove debris from dying cells

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5
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

cover PNS somas

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6
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

line SC central canal

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7
Q

What is neuroinflammation?

A

response to CNS infection

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8
Q

What diseases cause excessive neuroinflammation?

A

Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, MS, ALS, stroke, HIV

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9
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

destruction of ACh receptors which causes muscle weakness + paralysis

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10
Q

What 2 diseases/disorders are caused by dopamine levels?

A

Parkinson’s + schizophrenia

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11
Q

What diseases/disorders are caused by glutamate levels?

A

Parkinson’s, schizophrenia + MDD

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12
Q

What is the result of low levels of GABA?

A

seizures, muscle spasms + anxiety disorders

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13
Q

What is the result of high norepinephrine levels?

A

PTSD + panic disorders

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14
Q

What is the result of low serotonin?

A

depression + suicide

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15
Q

What is habituation in neuroplasticity?

A

simplest form - decreased response to repeated stimulus

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16
Q

What is experience dependent plasticity?

A

long-lasting changes in strength of synapses

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17
Q

What is excitotoxicity?

A

cell death caused by overexcitation of neurons

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18
Q

What disorders result from cell death?

A

stroke, TBI, SCI, neuronal degenerative diseases, AIDS

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19
Q

What is an axonal injury?

A

tearing of distal segment

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20
Q

How do cells recover from injury?

A

altering synapses, reorganization, changing neurotransmitter release

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21
Q

What are the effects of rehabilitation on plasticity?

A

frequency, duration + intensity affect recovery of neural function

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22
Q

What are the parts of a neuro exam?

A

mental status, cranial nerves, motor exam, reflexes, coordination + gait, sensory

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23
Q

What does mental status testing do?

A

test A&Ox3, memory, language, calculations, right-left confusion, finger agnosia, agraphia, apraxia, neglect, sequencing, logic, dellusions/hallucinations, mood

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24
Q

What does cranial nerve testing do?

A

test cranial nerves I - XII

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25
What is the process of motor testing?
observation, inspection, palpation, muscle tone testing, functional testing, muscle group strength,
26
What does reflex testing do?
test deep tendon reflexes, plantar response, infant reflexes
27
What does coordination and gait testing do?
test ataxia, appendicular coordination, Romberg test, gait
28
What does the sensory exam do?
light touch, pain, temp, vibration, joint position, 2 point discrimination, cortical sensation (tactile sensation, stereognosis, graphesthesia
29
What is computer tomography?
x-ray tech that measures tissue density best to detect hemorrhaging
30
What is magnetic resonance imaging?
no radiation, high-contract imaging of nervous system, best detects MS plaques
31
What is magnetic resonance spectropscopy?
measures neurotransmitter related to tumors + seizures
32
What is electroencephalogram (EEG)?
assesses brain activity, best for epilepsy
33
What are evoked potentials?
similar to EEG, measures brain activity in response to stimuli, helps diagnose MS, tumors + SCI
34
What is a nerve conduction study?
measures amount of speed + electrical impulse through nerve, helps diagnose Guillian-Barre, carpel tunnel, herniated disc, sciatica
35
What is Erb-Duchenne Palsy?
upper brachial plexus trunk injury cause by labor delivery or motorcycle accident, hands + fingers not affected
36
What is Klumpke's Palsy?
lower brachial plexus trunk injury caused by one arm hanging to create hand + finger weakness
37
What is axillary neuropathy?
deltoid atrophy caused by humerus injury to create weak deltoid
38
What is Parson-Turner Syndrome?
severe shoulder pain w/ unknown cause
39
What is radial neuropathy?
weakness in arm extensors caused by radial nerve compression from crutch use
40
What is median neuropathy?
sensory loss from median nerve caused by humerus or radial fracture
41
What is ulnar neuropathy?
sensory loss of ulnar nerve caused by entrapment of ulnar nerve in elbow
42
What is Guillain-Barre syndrome?
demyelination of PNS w/ unknown cause to create weakness that starts in LE, areflexia, dysautonomia
43
How do you diagnose Guillain-Barre syndrome?
EEG, nerve conduction study, spinal tap
44
How do you manage Guillain-Barre?
plasmapheresis, immunoglobulin, OT (strengthening, energy conservation, adaptive equipment)
45
What is menigitis?
inflammation of meninges caused by bacteria, drugs, or tumors through blood or skull fracture
46
What are the symptoms of meningitis?
fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of consciousness
47
How do you diagnose meningitis?
physical exam or lumbar puncture
48
How do you manage meningitis?
antibiotics - full recovery may leave deafness, seizures, paralysis, death
49
What is encephalitis?
inflammation of brain caused by infection
50
What are the symptoms of encephalitis?
fever, muscle aches, sore throat, cough, vomiting, headaches, seizures, psychosis, confusion
51
How do you diagnose encephalitis?
physical exam, CT scan, lumbar puncture
52
How do you manage encephalitis?
only medication for herpes encephalitis - monitor + support, residual complications may be seizures, memory problems, behavioral difficulties, coma
53
What is anencephaly?
born w/ only brainstem as a result of cranial end of neural tube open caused by mother malnutrition or hypothermia + chromosomal abnormalities
54
What is Arnold-Chiari malformation?
deformation of hindbrain type 1 = no symptoms until adolescence/early adulthood (headaches, neck pain, loss of pain + temp sensation, CSF buildup types 2 = symptoms in infancy (deafness, facial weakness, sternocleidomastoid muscle)
55
What is spina bifida?
open spina cord at birth due to opening of lower neural tube
56
What are the types of spina bifida?
occulta -> small opening of vertebrae w/ no damage to spinal cord menigocele -> meninges protrude through opening of SC (little damage) myelomeningocele -> nerves + meninges protrude (paralysis)
57
What are the symptoms of spina bifida meylomeningocele?
paralysis, loss of sensation, loss of bowel + bladder, scoliosis,
58
What is multiple sclerosis?
demyelination of CNS
59
What are the symptoms of MS?
fatigue, balance issues, weakness, loss of coordination
60
What are the 3 types of MS?
relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, primary progressive
61
What are the symptoms of MS?
fatigue, pain or numbness, blurry/double vision, speech + swallowing difficulties
62
How do you diagnose MS?
history, neuro exam, MRI, evoked potential
63
What are the treatments for MS?
pharmaceutical, non-pharmaceutical, OT/PT
64
What occurs at a C1-C2 injury?
death
65
What occurs at a C4 injury?
ventilator
66
What occurs at a C5 injury?
electric wheelchair, some arm use
67
What occurs at a C6 injury?
drive w/ assistance, self feeding + dress w/ equipment, manual wheelchair
68
What occurs at a C7-C8 injury?
can straighten arm, maybe independent w/ adaptations
69
What occurs at a thoracic level injury?
paraplegia, some paralysis of trunk, arm weakness
70
What occurs at a lumber level injury?
should be able to walk, may need braces or cane, bowel support, adaptive driving
71
What occurs at sacral level injury?
little damage, no equipment needed, may need bowel support
72
What are some complications w/ SCI?
pressure sores, spasticity, contractures, osteoporosis, chronic pain, cardiovascular problems, autonomic dysreflexia, thermoregulation difficulty, pneumonia, UTI, bowel complications, limited sensation
73
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/ Lou Gehrig's disease?
degeneration of motor neurons w/ no known cause
74
What are some symptoms of ALS?
muscle weakness, slurred speech, spasticity, muscle atrophy, decreased dexterity
75
How do you manage ALS?
coping, maintenance, comfort, stalling complications
76
What is Parkinson's disease?
degeneration of basal ganglia w/ unknown cause but decrease in dopamine
77
What are the symptoms of Parkinson's?
tremors, rigidity, postural disturbance, akinesia, bradykinesia, cognitive + emotional changes
78
How is Parkinson's diagnosed?
observation of tremors, stiffness + slow movement; MRI to rule out
79
How do you manage Parkinson's?
focus on reducing effects, pharmaceutical (L-dopa), surgery, exercise, stretch, massage, AT, modifications

Neuro & OT (3 decks)

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