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ANURBF > Quiz 1 midterms > Flashcards

Quiz 1 midterms Flashcards

1
Q

basic unit of kidneys

A

Nephrons

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2
Q
  • main filtering
A

Glomerulus

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3
Q

Shield of negativity

A

Fenestrated membrane

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3
Q

Parts of the glomerulus that filters

A

Codocytes, and fenestrated membrane

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4
Q

Major site of reabsorption

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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5
Q

where urine concentration
begins/starts

A

Loop of Henle

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6
Q

ADH acts on;
final urine concentration starts

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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7
Q

final urine concentration

A

Collecting duct

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8
Q

produces ADH

A

Adrenal cortex

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9
Q

produces renin

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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10
Q

Normal Body Mechanism (BH, ADH, UV, UC)

A

I body hydration = D ADH = I urine volume = D urine concentration

D body hydration = I ADH = D urine volume = I urine concentration

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11
Q

Diabetes insipidus mechanism (BH, ADH, UV, UC)

A

D body hydration = D ADH = I urine volume = D urine concentration

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12
Q

Average daily output of urine

A

1200mL/day

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13
Q

Normal renal plasma flow

A

600-700mL/minute

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14
Q

types of urine in Routine Urinalysis

A

-random urine
-first-morning urine
-mid-stream clean catch urine

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15
Q

type of urine for Bacterial Culture

A

catheterized
-suprapubic - most sterile
-mid-stream clean catch

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16
Q

Bottle/Container characteristic and size

A

-clear
-wide-mouth
-leak-proof

Capacity:50mL

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17
Q

In Unpreserved Urine, what will be increased?

A

pH: (unpreserved:9)
-bacteria
-odor
-nitrite

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17
Q

For microscopic what ml of urine?

A

12 ml

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18
Q

Nitrite will be increase because of?

A

Bacteria

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19
Q

In Unpreserved Urine, what will be decrease?

A

-bilirubin
-urobilinogen
-cast
-clarity
-cells
-ketones
-glucose

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20
Q

photooxidation into biliverdin

A

bilirubin

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21
Q

photooxidation into urobilin

A

urobilinogen

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22
Q

disintegrate in alkaline urine

A

cast

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23
Q

bacteria multiplication

A

clarity

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24
Q

Three parts of routine urinalysis in
Physical

A

Odor, color, and clarity

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25
Q

odor of phenylketonuria

A

mousy

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26
Q

odor of isovaleric
acidemia

A

sweaty feet

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27
Q

odor of diabetes

A

fruity

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28
Q

No visible particulates, transparent

A

Clear

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29
Q

Few particulates, newsprint easily seen through urine

A

Hazy

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30
Q

Many particulates, newsprint is blurred through urine

A

Cloudy

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31
Q

Newsprint cannot be seen

A

Turbid

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32
Q

Specific gravity of urine

A

1.003-1.035

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33
Q

May precipitate or clot

A

Milky

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34
Q

to protect the chemicals from the sunlight, tightly sealed,
every after use covers it, prevent run over of
analytes of reagent strip

A

Amber color

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35
Q

Give me the seconds, NV of LE

A

120 seconds;
NV:0-5/HPF

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36
Q

It is a component of the reagent strip that is 60 seconds and aid in
diagnosis of liver diseases and hemolytic disorders; Give me also the NV

A

Urobilinogen, NV: <1 mg/dL

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36
Q

It is a component of the reagent strip that is 60 seconds and do not usually appear in the urine; increased nitrite
is related with (?)

A

Nitrite, UTI

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37
Q

It is a component of the reagent strip that is 60 seconds and causes pre-renal, renal (orthostatic proteinuria), post-renal; Give me also the NV

A

Protein,NV: <10
mg/dL

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38
Q

clinical proteinuria has value in protein?

A

> 30 mg/dL

39
Q

pH morning urinerange and Normal urine range

A

pH of 5-6; pH of 4.5-8

40
Q

Blood has what seconds and NV?

A

60, 0-4/HPF

41
Q

hematuria color

A

cloudy urine

42
Q

myoglobinuria

A

clear red urine

43
Q

most common cause of myoglobin

A

rhabdomyolysis

44
Q

What is the second of SG and what will be color if increase and decrease?

A

45 seconds; increased SG
(darker) and decreased SG (lighter)

45
Q

measurable
amount of ketones do not appear in
urine but it shows deficiency in
insulin; highly correlated with
glucose

A

Ketones, 40 seconds

46
Q

conjugated bilirubin; detect post hepatic (bile
duct obstruction) or hepatic (liver
damage) jaundice; How many seconds

A

Bilirubin, 30 seconds

46
Q

urine contains only small amount of
glucose; increased in DM; How many seconds

A

Glucose, 30 sec

47
Q

LPF

A

Casts, crystals, epithelial cells, etc

48
Q

HPF

A

WBCs, RBCs, bacteria, etc

49
Q

May indicate the presence of certain sediments

A

Color

50
Q

Pathologic or non-pathologic causes of turbidity

A

Clarity

51
Q

RBCs, RBC Cast

A

Blood

52
Q

Casts, cells

A

Protein

53
Q

Bacteria, WBCs

A

Nitrite

54
Q

WBCs, WBC Casts, bacteria

A

LE

55
Q

Yeast

A

Glucose

56
Q

Specimen Preparation and Examination, decant the urin to remains?

A

(0.5-1 mL remains)

57
Q

Specimen Preparation and Examination, how much mL of urin needed?

A

10 to 15 mL

58
Q

Transfer (?) uL to glass slide with (?)

A

20ul, 22 x 22 mm coverslip

59
Q

Quantitative measure of
formed elements using a
hemocytometer

A

Addis Count

60
Q

What specimen used in Addis count?

A

12 hour urine

61
Q

What preservative used in Addis count?

A

NaF (Sodium fluoride)

62
Q

Normal Values of RBC

A

0 - 500,000

63
Q

Normal Values of WBCs & ECs

A

0 - 1,800,000

64
Q

Normal Values of Hyaline Casts

A

0 - 5,000

65
Q

Sternheimer-Malbin is made up of?

A

(CV + Safranin
O)

66
Q

Enhances nuclear
detail

A

0.5% Toluidine
Blue

67
Q

Delineates structure
and contrasting
colors of the nucleus
and cytoplasm

A

SternheimerMalbin

68
Q

Lyses RBCs and
enhances nucleus of
WBCs

A

2% Acetic acid

69
Q

Stains TAG and
neutral fats and what will be the color?

A

Lipid stains, orange red

70
Q

Lipid stain is composed of?

A

(ORO and Sudan
III)

71
Q

Differentiates Gram
(-) to Gram (+)
bacteria

A

GS

72
Q

Stains eosinophilic
granules

A

Hansel Stain

73
Q

Stains sediments
containing iron

A

Prussian Blue

74
Q

Hansel Stain is composed of?

A

(Eosin Y +
Methylene
blue)

75
Q

Function of SternheimerMalbin

A

WBCs, ECs, and casts

76
Q

Function of 0.5% Toluidine
Blue

A

Differentiates WBCs
and RTE cells

77
Q

Function of 2% Acetic acid

A

Distinguishes RBCs
from WBCs, yeasts, oil
droplets and crystals

78
Q

Function of Lipid stains

A

Identifies free fat
droplets and lipidcontaining cells &
casts

79
Q

Function of GS

A

Bacterial casts

80
Q

Function of Hansel Stain

A

Urinary eosinophils

81
Q

Function of Prussian Blue

A

Identifies hemosiderin
granules in casts and
cells

82
Q

Used for routine urinalysis

A

Bright-Field Microscopy

83
Q

Visualization of elements with low
refractive indices (hyaline, mixed cellular
cast, MT, Trichomonas)

A

Phase-Contrast Microscopy

84
Q

Identification of cholesterol molecules in
OFB, fatty casts and crystals

A

Polarizing Microscopy

85
Q

For fluorescent microorganisms or those
stained with a fluorescent dye

A

Fluorescence Microscopy

86
Q

Identification of Treponema spp

A

Dark-Field Microscopy

87
Q

3-D microscopy image and layer-by-layer
imaging of a specimen

A

Interference-Contrast
Microscopy

88
Q

Microscope for the differential?

A

Nomarski

89
Q

Microscope for the Modulation?

A

Hoffmann

89
Q

What is per HPF

A

Crystals (normal)
Bacteria
RBCs
WBCs
OFB
Abnormal crystals and casts

89
Q

What is per LPF

A

Epithelial Cell
Mucus Thread
Casts
SEC
Abnormal crystal and cast

90
Q

What is per 10 HPF

A

RTE cells

91
Q

What component if for the color of urine?

A

Urochrome

92
Q

Centrifuge at (?) RCF for (?) mins

A

400 RCF, 5 min

93
Q

400 RCF is what in RPM?

A

1200-1500 RPM

94
Q

Examine how many LPF and HPF

A

10 LPF, and 10 HPF

ANURBF (4 decks)

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