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Matthew Hicks Pathology IV > Quiz 1, Genitalia SP2015 > Flashcards

Quiz 1, Genitalia SP2015 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a DNA Poxvirus that looks similar to herpes?

A

Molluscum contagiosum

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2
Q

How does molluscum contagiosum present compared to herpes viruses?

A

MCV does not remain in the body after lesions heal. You can become reinfected though.

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3
Q

When psoriasis is present on the vulva, where does it usually occur? And what can it resemble?

A

Hear bearing portions.

Fungal infections

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4
Q

What term describes the epithelial extensions that project into the underlying connective tissue in both skin and mucous membranes?

A

Rete pegs

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5
Q

What is a non-specific skin condition that develops as a consequence of chronic pruritus and scratching?

A

Lichen simplex chronicus

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6
Q

Microscopic findings consist of elongation, widening and irregular thickenings of rete ridges, acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and chronic inflammation in dermis.

A

Lichen simplex chronicus

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7
Q

What skin condition that often happens in other regions of the body, can also occur around the vulva in women of childbearing age?

A

Lichen planus

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8
Q

What is the microscopic appearance of lichen planus?

A

Degeneration of the basal cell layer
Thickening of the granular cell layer
Infiltration of inflamm cells into the sub-epithelial layer of CT
“Saw-tooth” appearance of rete pegs

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9
Q

What vulvar skin condition is associated with vulvar cancer?

A

Lichen sclerosus

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10
Q

What are the histological characteristics of lichen sclerosus?

A

Edematous degeneration of basal layer
Atrophy of epidermis w/disappearance of the rete pegs
Underlying dermis is replaced by dense collagenous fibrous tissue
Infiltrates of band-like lymphocytes

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11
Q

Bartholin’s duct cysts are lined by either of what two types of cells?

A

Transitional epithelium of the normal duct, or

Epithelium that reveals squamous metaplasia

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12
Q

What STI reveals multinucleated giant cells on microscopy?

A

Herpes simplex

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13
Q

What STI is spread via skin-to-skin contact and is a sub-type of HPV?

A

Condyloma acuminata (genital warts)

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14
Q

Which two types of HPV are responsible for 90% of genital wart cases?

A

6 & 11

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15
Q

Which two types of HPV are responsible for 70% of cases of cervical cancer?

A

16 & 18

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16
Q

What are the histological findings of condyloma acuminata?

A

Acanthosis
Hyperkeratosis
Cytoplasmic vacuolation

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17
Q

What is the spirochete bacterium that causes syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

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18
Q

What lesions are typical of secondary syphilis?

A

Condyloma latum (flat warts)

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19
Q

Which two conditions are associated with a fishy odor and a high vaginal pH?

A

Bacterial vaginosis
Trichomonas vaginitis
(Candida has no odor and low pH)

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20
Q

What condition sometimes has a cottage cheese appearance?

A

Candida vaginitis

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21
Q

What are epithelial cells that are coated with bacteria and are associated with bacterial vaginosis?

A

Clue cells

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22
Q

What condition is characterized by the presence of hyperpigmented skin plaques?

A

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia

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23
Q

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is associated with was condition in 10-30% of cases?

A

Primary squamous neoplasm in either the vagina or cervix.

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24
Q

What is the histologic appearance of HPV positive VIN?

A

Diffuse cellular atypia
Nuclear crowding
Increased mitotic index

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25
Q

~85% of vulvar cancers are of what type?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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26
Q

What factors are linked to metastatic spread of vulvar carcinoma?

A

Size of primary tumor
Depth of invasion
Involvement of lymphatic vessels

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27
Q

Adenocarcinoma of the vagina is rare, but associated with clear cell carcinoma in what population?

A

Young women whose mothers had been treated with diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy

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28
Q

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia has three classification. What are they?

A

CIN1 (LSIL)- mild dysplasia
CIN2 (HSIL)- moderate dysplasia
CIN3 (HSIL)- severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ

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29
Q

What term is used to describe cellular changes in which cells nuclei are enlarged and often stain with a halo-like appearance?

A

Koilocytosis

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30
Q

Koilocytosis is characteristic of what condition?

A

Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance ASC-US

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31
Q

What are the histologic findings with endocervical cancer?

A

Cluster of endocervical cancer cells with enlarged round or oval nuclei, irregular chromatin distribution and prominent nucleoli

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32
Q

What characterizes stage 1 cervical cancer?

A

Carcinoma confined to the cervix

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33
Q

What characterizes stage 2 cervical cancer?

A

Carcinoma extends beyond the cervix but not onto the pelvic wall (vagina, but not lower 1/3)

34
Q

What characterizes stage 3 cervical cancer?

A

Carcinoma extended to pelvic wall. No space b/t tumor and pelvic wall on DRE

35
Q

What characterizes stage 4 cervical cancer?

A

Carcinoma beyond true pelvis or mucosa of bladder/rectum. Metastatic dissemination also.

36
Q

What is the primary characteristic feature of endometriosis?

A

Cells from the endometrial lining of the uterus appear and flourish outside the uterine cavity

37
Q

What is the most common site of implantation for ectopic endometrial cells?

A

Ovaries

38
Q

How is endometrioma different from endometriosis?

A

(chocolate cyst) is an ovarian cyst formed from endometrial tissue that bleeds within the ovary

39
Q

What is adenomyosis?

A

The presence of ectopic endometrial tissue within the myometrium. “adenomyometritis” is specific to the uterus.

40
Q

What is characteristic of acute endometritis?

A

Micro-abscesses or neutrophils within the endometrial glands

41
Q

What is characteristic of chronic endometritis?

A

The presence of plasma cells in the stroma

42
Q

What type of gynecologic cancers are most common in the US?

A

Endometrial

43
Q

What is the most common type of endometrial cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

44
Q

What are the risk factors for endometrial cancers?

A 
Age 55-65
Nulliparity
Obesity
Hyperglycemia/DM
Hypertension
45
Q

What distinguishes carcinoma from hyperplasia?

A

In well differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma, the glandular architecture is preserved but the tissue is confluent without intervening stroma

46
Q

What condition is notable for the accumulation of p53 protein?

A

Papillary serous carcinoma

47
Q

What are benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus, also known as fibroids?

A

Leiomyomas

48
Q

What is the microscopic appearance of leiomyomas?

A

Muscle cells generally uniform in size and shape with oval nuclei. Characteristic whorled pattern of smooth muscle

49
Q

How does a leiomyosarcoma compare to a leiomyoma?

A

Greater density of cells
More pleomorphic
More hyperchromatic

50
Q

What condition is the most commonly diagnosed causes of female infertility and one of the most common endocrine disorders?

A

Polycystic ovary syndrome

51
Q

Polycystic ovaries can develop when the ovaries are stimulated to produce what?

A

Excessive amounts of male hormones by the release of excessive LH from the anterior pituitary.

52
Q

What are common concomitants with PCOS?

A 
Insulin resistance
weight gain
high cholesterol
hyperglycemia
DM
53
Q

What are the principal lab findings with PCOS?

A

LH > FSH 3:1 or greater
elevated testosterone
estrogen dominance

54
Q

80% of epithelial tumors of the ovaries are what type?

A

Serous (benign)

55
Q

Serous tumors of the ovary are characterized by what?

A

Proliferation of epithelium resembling that seen in the lining of the fallopian tubes

56
Q

What is the histologic appearance of a serous cystadenoma of the ovary?

A

Single layer of cuboidal or epithelial cells with or without cilia

57
Q

What histologic finding is commonly found in ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma, among other neoplasms?

A

Psammoma bodies

58
Q

What is the most common birth defect of the male genitalia?

A

Cryptorchidism

59
Q

Differentiate phimosis and paraphimosis. For what condition are they both a risk factor?

A

Phimosis - foreskin cannot fully retract
Para- foreskin is trapped behind the glans
Penile cancer

60
Q

What condition is caused by defective valves or compression of the veins that drain the testis?

A

Varicocele

61
Q

Which side does 98% of idiopathic varicocele occur on and why?

A

Left because the left testicular vein connects to the renal vein at a 90 degree angle.

62
Q

What causes hydrocele?

A

Accumulation of fluids around a testicle caused by fluid secreted by the tunica vaginalis. It is often the result of trauma, hernia, orchitis, or cancer.

63
Q

What is the most common underlying cause of testicular torsion?

A

A congenital malformation known as bell-clapper deformity. The testis is inadequately affixed to the spermatic cord.

64
Q

What is the most common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

65
Q

How do you differentiate gonococcal from non-specific urethritis (NSU) or NGU?

A

Gonococcal has a purulent d/c, while others have a clear d/c

66
Q

What condition is characterized by the triad of urethritis(M)/cervicitis(F), inflammation of the eyes, and inflammatory arthritis of large joints?

A

Reactive arthritis or Reiter’s syndrome

67
Q

What condition is characterized by shallow painless ulcers at meatus and glans penis?

A

Balanitis circinata

68
Q

What histologic finding is characteristic of HSV?

A

Multinucleated giant cell

69
Q

What bacteria is responsible for syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum (a spirochete bacterium)

70
Q

What is a soft, non-cancerous growth resulting from the tertiary stage of syphilis?

A

Gumma

71
Q

Around 95% of penile cancers are what type?

A

Squamous cell carcinomas

72
Q

What HPV strain if the leading cause of HPV positive tumors?

A

16

73
Q

What is the most common solid malignant tumor in men aged 20-35?

A

Primary testicular tumors

74
Q

What is the most common classification of testicular cancer?

A

Seminoma (~35%)

75
Q

What are the blood test findings of a seminoma case?

A

+placental alkaline phosphatase
+hCG
-alpha-fetoprotein

76
Q

What is the microscopic appearance of a seminoma?

A

(lymphoid stroma) Sheet-like or lobular pattern of cells with a fibrous stromal network
Abundant clear to pale pink cytoplasm containing abundant glycogen with prominent nuclei that usually contain 1 or 2 large nucleoli and have prominent nuclear membranes

77
Q

What is a germ cell tumor that occurs in the ovaries and testes causing hCG and AFP to be increased?

A

Embryonal carcinoma

78
Q

What tumor presents microscopically with nuclear atypia, prominent nucleoli, nuclei overlap and mitoses common?

A

Embryonal carcinoma

79
Q

What is the second most common cause of cancer related death in men in the US?

A

Prostate cancer

80
Q

95% of prostate cancers are of what type?

A

Adenocarcinoma

81
Q

At high magnification what is the appearance of prostate adenocarcinoma?

A

Still appear as glands, but there is no intervening stroma and the nuclei are hyperchromatic. Enlarged nucleoli and mitotic figures.

Matthew Hicks Pathology IV (5 decks)

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