Quiz #1 - Electrolytes

Question 1

sodium level

Answer 1

136-145

Question 2

potassium level

Answer 2

3.5-5.1

Question 3

calcium level

Answer 3

2.1-2.5

Question 4

phosphate level

Answer 4

1-1.5

Question 5

magnesium

Answer 5

0.65-1.05

Question 6

ICF cations and anions

Answer 6

K+
Phosphate

Question 7

ECF cations and anions

Answer 7

Na+
Cl-

Question 8

hypernatremia - clinical manifestations

Answer 8

Dehydration of neurons

No FRIED foods for you
- Fatigue
- Restlessness, really agitated
- Increased reflexes (seizures/coma)
- Extreme thirst
- Decreased urine output, dry mouth/skin

Question 9

hyponatremia - clinical manifestations

Answer 9

SALT LOSS
- Seizures and stupor
- Abdominal Cramping
- Lethargic
- Tendon reflex diminished: trouble concentrating
- Loss of urine and appetite
- Orthostatic hypotension; overactive bowel sounds
- Shallow respirations
- Spasms of muscles

Question 10

hyperkalemia - clinical manifestations

Answer 10

MURDER (cause if K+ gets to high it is lethal)
- Muscle cramping followed by weakness
- Urinary output little or none
- Respiratory failure
- Decreased cardiac contractility
- Early: muscle twitches/cramps
- Rhythm changes

Question 11

hypokalemia - clinical manifestations

Answer 11

Hypo = low and slow

7 L’s
- Lethargic (confused)
- Low shallow respirations
- Lethal cardiac dysrhythmias (u wave)
- Lots of urine
- Leg cramps
- Limp muscles
- Low BP and heart

Question 12

hypercalcemia - clinical manifestations

Answer 12

WEAK
- weakness of muscles
- EKG changes (cardiac dysrhythmias) (shortened QT interval)
- Absent reflexes, altered mental state, abdominal distension
- Kidney stone formation

Question 13

hypocalcemia - clinical manifestations

Answer 13

CRAMPS
- convulsions
- reflexes hyperactive
- arrhythmias
- muscle spasms
- positive signs (trousseau’s/chvosteks)
- sensation of tingling/numbness (parenthesis)

Question 14

hyperphosphatemia - clinical manifestations

Answer 14

• Relate primarily to metastatic calcium-phosphate precipitates
• Ordinarily, calcium and phosphate deposited only in bone
• Increased serum phosphate with calcium precipitates can create calcified deposits in soft tissue such as joints, arteries, skin, kidneys and corneas
• Neuromuscular irritability and tetany (related to low serum calcium levels associated with high phosphate levels)
• Trousseau’s sign
• Chvostek’s sign

Question 15

hypophosphatemia - clinical manifestations

Answer 15

Hypo - swollen and slow; with moans groans and stones
CNS depression
Confusion
Mental changes
Muscle weakness
Pain
Dysrhythmias
Cardiomyopathy

BONE
- Bone pain/fractures
- Osteomalacia (bone softening - leg bowing)
- Neuro status changes (irritable, confused, seizures)
- Erythrocyte destruction

Question 16

hypomagnesemia - clinical manifestations

Answer 16

TWITCH
- Trousseau & chvostek sign
- Weakness
- Increased DTR
- Tetany
- Calcium and Potassium levels low
- Hypertension

Clinically resembles hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia

Question 17

hypermagnesemia - clinical manifestations

Answer 17

Hyper = calm and quiet (think opposites)

LETHARGIC
- Lethargic
- EKG changes
- Tendon reflexes absent/diminished
- Hypotension
- Arrhythmias (bradycardia, heart blocks)
- Red and hot face (flushing)
- GI issues (nausea, vomiting)
- Impaired breathing (skeletal weakness)
- Confusion (neuro impairment)