Quiz 1; Ch. 27 Flashcards
An infection occurs as a result of a cyclic process, consisting of six components, what are these components?
Infectious agent reservoir Portal of exit Means of transmission Portals of entry Susceptible host
What Is an infection?
An infection is a disease state that results from the presence of pathogens in or on the body
What are the most prevalent agents that cause infection?
Bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
How are bacteria classified?
They are categorized by shape as spherical (cocci), Rod shaped (bacilli), or corkscrew shape (spirochete) Bacteria can be categorized as either gram-positive or gram-negative.
Explain the Gram stain
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall that resists colorization and are stained Violet. However, gram-negative bacteria chemically more complex cell walls and can be decolorize by alcohol. Thus, gram-negative bacteria do not stain. This information is crucial for physicians prescribing the most appropriate antibiotic therapy because antibiotics are classified as specifically effective against only gram positive organisms.
What is a virus?
A virus is the smallest of all microorganisms, visible only with electron microscope.
Can you treat a virus with antibiotics?
No, Antibiotics have no effect on viruses
An organisms potential to produce disease in a person depends on a Variety of factors, including..
Number of organisms
Virulence of the organism, or ability to cause disease
Competence of the persons immune system
Length and intimacy of the contact between the person and the microorganism
What does it mean if a disease is endemic?
A disease that is endemic or occurs with predictability in one specific region of population can appear in a different geographical location
What is a reservoir?
A reservoir for growth and multiplication of microorganisms is the natural habitat of the organism.
What are some examples of reservoirs?
People, animals, soil, food, water, milk, inanimate objects.
Portals of entry/exit
The entry route into the new host is often the same as the exit route from the prior reservoir. The urinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal tracts and the skin are common portals of entry/exit
What are the stages of infection?
- Incubation period.
- Prodromal stage
- Full stage of illness
- Convalescent period
What is a vector?
A vector is a mosquito, tick, lice, and nonhuman carriers that transmit organisms from one host to another
What is the incubation period?
The incubation period is the interval between the pathogens invasion of the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection. During this stage, the organisms are growing and multiplying.
What s the prodromal stage?
A person is most infectious during the prodromal stage. Early signs and symptoms of the disease are present, but these are often vague and nonspecific, ranging from fatigue to malaise to a low-grade fever. This period lasts several hours to several days. During this phase the patient often doesnt realize that he or she is contagious.
What is full stage of illness?
The presence of specific signs and symptoms indicate the full stage of illness the type of infection determine the length of illness severity of the manifestation.
What is the convalescent period?
The convalescent period is the recovery period from the infection
What is one of the body first lines of defense against infection?
Normal flora
What is asepsis?
Practice of asepsis includes all activities to present to prevent infection or break the chain of infection. The nurses use aseptic techniques to halt the spread of microorganisms and minimize the threat of infection. There are 2 asepsis categories, medically sepsis and surgical asepsis.
Medical asepsis Vs. surgical asepsis
Medical asepsis, or clean technique, Involves procedures and practices that reduce the number and transfer of pathogen.
Surgical asepsis, or sterile technique, Includes practices used to render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms. Surgical asepsis procedures could include inserting an indwelling urinary catheter
What are the two types of bacteria flora normally found in the hands?
Transient and resident bacteria
Transient bacteria are usually easily removed by thorough handwashing, they have the potential to adjust to the environment Of the skin when they are present in large numbers and over a long period And can become resident bacteria.
What does nosocomial mean?
The term nosocomial is used specifically to indicate something originating or taking place in a hospital. The source of the infection may be either exogenous or endogenous.
Most healthcare associated infections are caused by bacteria, such as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus Faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and klebsiella species. Many of these HAIs can be traced to what?
An invasive device such as a catheter
Urinary tract infections account for 32% of HAIs annually followed by surgical site infections, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections
What is the difference between disinfection and sterilization?
Disinfection destroys all pathogenic organisms except spores, sterilization destroys all micro organisms, including spores.
Efforts by healthcare facilities to reduce the incidence of HAI include an awareness of which of the following?
Joint commission considers death or serious injury from HAI a sentinel event
What are the smallest infectious agents capable of causing an infection?
A virus
In addition to standard precautions, the nurse caring for patient with rubella would plan to implement what type of precautions?
Droplet precautions, rubella is an illness transmitted by large particle droplets and requires droplet precautions in addition to standard precautions
Which organization initially developed the guidelines for minimum protection standards for infection prevention and control?
The CDC
During which stage of infection is a person most infectious?
Prodromal
True or false most state have a mandatory reporting of HAIs
False
The practice of ____ includes all activities to prevent or break chain of infection
Asepsis
When an organism becomes attached to dust particles is considered what?
Airborne route
What period becomes the recovery period?
Convalescent
Step one of the infection cycle is?
Infectious agents
During which stage are microorganisms growing and multiplying ?
Incubation period
Which of the following are common sources of nosocomial infections?
Pneumonia, bloodstream, urinary tract infections
Which asepsis is considered contaminated if it bears pathogens?
Medical asepsis
The greatest risk of seoconversion (development of antibodies in response to an infection) after a needlestick injury is
A. Hepatitis B(Correct Answer) B. Hepatitis C C. HIV D. Hepatitis A E. None of the above
Linzolid (Zyvox), administered orally or by IV, is effectively used to treat this species of resistant microorganisms (the nonresistant species is often found in normal intestinal and female genita tracts)
Possible correct answers:
VRE
vancomycin-resistant enterococcus
vancomycin resistant enterococcus
The correct progression of an infection phases is:
A. Convalescent period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, incubation period
B. Incubation period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, convalescent period
C. Prodromal stage, incubation stage, full stage of illness, convalescent period
D. Incubation period, prodromal stage, full stage of illness, convalescent period(Correct) E. Incubation period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, convalescan period.
Which type of precautions is used for a patient whose immune system is compromised (eg one recovering from transplant surgery or receiving chemotherapy)
neutropenic precautions
Most sterile solutions are considered sterile for ____ hours after being opened.
24
Which asepsis is considered contaminated if it is touched by any object that is not without pathogens, microorganisms, and spores.
Surgical asepsis
Wich types of mask rilter inspitred air in addition to filtering expired air? A. N95 B. High-effficiency particulate air mask C. HEPA mask D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The entry route is usually _____ as the exit route
The same
Droplet transmission is similar to airborne transmission, but it is larger than ____um
5
An infection is referred to as _____ when it results from a treatment or diagnostic procedure.
Iatrogenic
Surgical masks filter only _________ air
Expired
The second component of the infection cycle is?
Reservoir
What is the sixth part of the infection cycle?
Susceptible host
What is the fourth part of the infection cycle?
Transmission
What is the correct sequence to take off PPE?
Gloves Goggles Gown Mask Wash hands
A patient develops positioning from potato salad. What is the means of transmission for the infecting organism
Vehicle
