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153 - First Midterm > Quiz 1 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Quiz 1 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart + blood vessels + blood

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2
Q

Homeostasis in relation to blood?

When does it occur?

A
  1. Stoppage of bleeding

2a. In response to blood vessel damage

b. Triggered by chemicals released or activated by damaged cells + platelets

c. Functions to prevent blood loss and build free worm for tissue repair

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3
Q

What are the 3 stages to stop bleeding?

A
  1. Vascular phase = vessel constriction
  2. Platelet phase = adhere to collagen fibres and form a platelet plug
  3. Coagulation = blood clotting (liquid to gel)
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4
Q

Vascular phase process?

A

Vascular spasm of damaged cells causes constriction:

  1. Endothelial cells (lining the blood vessel) release endothelins that

A. Stimulate contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessel wall
B. Make endothelium sticky
C. Stimulate division/repair

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5
Q

What is endothelins?

A

Peptide hormone that aids in vascular phase

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6
Q

Platelet phase?

A
  1. Platelets adhere to collagen fibres (exposed due to endothelium damage)
  2. Platelets aggregate as they become sticky
  3. Platelet plug forms
  4. Platelet adhesion/aggregation activates more platelets
  5. Activated platelets release many substances
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7
Q

What substances do activated platelets release?

A

Serotonin -> vascular spasm + platelet aggregation

Thromboxane A2 + ADP -> stimulates platelet aggregation

PDGF -> platelet derived growth factor; promotes vessel repair

Ca++ -> promotes coagulation

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8
Q

Is platelet aggregation a positive or negative feedback loop?

A

Positive

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9
Q

Coagulation phase?

A
  1. Clot formation is triggered by sequential activation of clotting factors
  2. Clotting factors circulate as inactivated procoagulants and MUST BE ACTIVATED for coagulation to occur. (Numbered I-XIII, majority made in the liver.)
  3. Two coagulation pathways possible:

3a: Intrinsic pathway
- happens w/in blood
- triggered when clotting factor XII and platelets are activated by collagen
- requires platelet phospholipid (PF3)
- can occur when blood is exposed to glass (negatively charged surface
- SLOW

3b: Extrinsic pathway
- initiated by chemicals external to blood
- activated by a chemical released by damaged cells (TF tissue factor/thromboplasm)
- FASTER

4: results in a network of fibrin which is the mesh bit/hold the clot

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10
Q

What is the speed difference between intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways?

A

In: 2-3min

Ex: < 2min

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11
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway?

A
  1. Vessel endothelium ruptures exposing collages
  2. This activates Factor XII and platelets express PF3
  3. These 2 factors in addition to Ca++ activate clotting factors that form the complet VIIIa/IXa
  4. Joins common pathway
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12
Q

Extrinsic Pathway?

A
  1. Tissues/cells outside of blood are damaged
  2. With Ca++, damaged cells release TF, Tf combines with VIIa to form TF/VIIa
  3. Joins common pathway
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13
Q

Common pathway?

A
  1. Factor ‘X’ is activated (X -> Xa)
  2. With the addition of Ca++ and Va, the Xa/Va complex (enzyme called prothrombinase) activates Prothrobin (II)
  3. Which activates thrombin (IIa)
  4. Activates Fibrinogen (I)
  5. Activates Fibrin (a)
  6. Creates an insoluble cross linked fibrin mesh + trapped cells (Clot!)
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14
Q

Clot retraction process?

A

1) Platelets

2) PDGF (platelet derived growth factor)

3) promotes healing of vessel wall

4) endothelial cells release +PA (tissue plasminogen activator which activates..

5) plasminogen (plasma protein trapped in clot)

6) plasminogen (fibrin digesting enzyme)

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15
Q

Fibrinolysis process?

A

1) Clot

2) Clot retraction (platelets contracted and pull on edges of damaged vessel closer together making repair easier) which results in..

3a) Serum (plasma with no clotting proteins) is squeezed out

3b) retracted clott

(Occurs over several days)

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16
Q

Hemophilia?

A

Genetic defect in one or more of the genes that code for clotting factors; affected individuals have blood that doesn’t clot normally (defect in VIII most common)

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17
Q

Thrombus

A

Clot formed in BV or heart, particular or complete obstruction of blood flow

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18
Q

Embolus

A

Any detached intravascular mass carried by circulation, capable of clotting blood vessels

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19
Q

How many L of blood in the human body?

A

4-5L

20
Q

What are the functions of books?

A
  • transportation (water, nutrients, hormones, gases, waste, etc.)
  • assists in temp and pH regulation
  • defends against disease
21
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

Special type of c.t. (Vascular)
- cells
- fluid matrix / plasma + 90% water, 8% proteins (55%)
- nutrients (amino acids, fatty acids, glucose, etc.)
- Ions (K+, Na+, Cl-)
- gases (O2, CO2)
- wastes (urea, Uris acid)
- hormones

22
Q

What are the proteins found in blood plasma and their functions?

A

Albulin = 60%exerts osmotic pressure, transports + maintains pH

Globulins = 36% lipid transport and antibodies

Clotting factors = 4% fibrinogen

23
Q

Erythrocytes shape and specific functions?

A
  • biconcave
  • transports oxygen
  • large surface area for gas exchange
  • can form stacks for smooth flow through capillaries
  • flexible to move through small vessels easier
24
Q

Leukocytes?

A
  • WBC
  • 5 main types
  • immune function
  • disposal (phagocytosis)
25
Q

Neutrophils?

A
  • 50-70% of WBC
  • secrete cytotoxic graduates that kill bacteria
  • secrete chemicals (‘prostaglandins and leukotrienes’’) that mobilize immune defense mechanisms / trigger inflammation
  • phagocytize bacteria
  • neutrophil numbers are elevated with bacterial infections
26
Q

Eosinophils?

A
  • 2 – 4% of WBCs
  • secrete enzymes that kill parasites
  • phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
  • release anti-inflammatory complexes
  • elevated with certain parasitic infections and allergies
27
Q

Basophils?

A
  • > 1% of WBC
  • secrete inflammatory chemicals (histamine)
  • secrete an anticoagulant (heparin)
  • elevated with inflammation / allergies
28
Q

Lymphocytes?

A
  • 20-30% of WBC
  • 2 types: T cells (mature in thymus) B cells (mature in bone marrow)
  • involved in specific defence (recognize specific antigens; produce antibodies that target specific pathogens) elevated with viral and bacterial infections
29
Q

Monocytes

A
  • 4 – 8% of WBCs
  • large aggressive phagocytes
  • can become macrophages → patrol connective tissues
  • elevated with longer term / widespread infection / tissue damage
30
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes)?

A
  • cell fragments
  • numerous
  • initiate coagulation (clotting) and plug tears in blood vessels
31
Q

Hematopoiesis

A
  • formation of blood cells
  • occurs in red bone marrow
  • hemocytoblast (hematopoietic stem cells) —(differentiate)—> all formed elements
32
Q

Leukopoiesis?

A
  • formation of leukocytes (WBC)
  • regulated by cytokines (cell signalling molecules) called CSFs (colony stimulating factors)
  • number of WBC very and produced in response to immune system requirements.
33
Q

Leukopoiesis stages?

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
    2a. Myeloid stem cell
    2b. Lymphoid stem cell
    3a. Bast cells (committed)
    3b. Lymphoblastic
    4a. Myelocyte
    4b. Lymphocyte
    5a. Band cells (agranular leukocytes)
    6a. Granular leukocytes and monocytes
34
Q

Thrombocytopoiesis?

A
  • Formation of thrombocytes (platelets)
  • regulated by hormone (TPO) produced in kidneys
  • platelets form by fragmentation of large blast cells
35
Q

Thrombocytopoiesis stages?

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
  2. Myeloid stem cel
  3. Megakaryocyte
  4. Fragmentation
  5. Platelets
36
Q

Erythropoiesis?

A
  • formation of erythrocytes (RBC)
  • red blood cell synthesis takes approx. 3-5 days
  • make approximately 2 million RBCs/ second → 15ml blood/day
  • production enhanced by hormone testosterone (males have more)
  • requires mineral iron (Fe2) to make O2 carrying pigment hemoglobin (approx. 65% of bodies iron is in the form of hemoglobin)
37
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb)

A
  • tetramer of 4 globin proteins (2 alpha, 2 beta globin) plus
  • each heme contains a single Fe (which lies within a porphyrin ring) - each iron can bind a single 02 -> “oxyhemoglobin”
  • globins can also bind CO2 -> “carbaminohemoglobin”
38
Q

Erythropoiesis stages?

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
  2. Myeloid stem cell
  3. Proerythroblast
  4. Erythoblast
    4a. Phase 1: ribosome synthesis
    4b. Hemoglobin synthesis
    NOT DONE
39
Q

How does your body control Erythropoiesis?

And its stages?

A
  • glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (EPO) increases RBC synthesis
  • EPO secreted by kidneys in response to hypoxia (O2 deficiency)
  1. blood loss,↓ O2 in blood, or↑ O2 demand’
  2. Hypoxia
  3. Kidneys secret EPO (stimulates)
  4. Erythropoiesis
40
Q

When and how RBC get recycled:

A
  • RBC’s become less flexible and more fragile with age → reduced O2 caring capacity and hemolysis
  • lifespan ≈ 120 days -> spleen _ liver trap old RBCs
  • hemoglobin components recycled
  1. Hemoglobin (metabolized by spleen and macrophages)
    2a. Globin - > amino acids -> enter circulation (reuse them)
    2b. Heme
    2b1. Biliverdin (green pigment)
    2c1. Bilirubin (yellow pigment)
    2d1. Liver
    2e1. Bile
    2f1a. Urobilines (yellow pigment) -> excreted in urine and feces
    2f1b. Stercobilins (brown pigments) -> excreted in feces
    2b2. Iron (Fe)
    2c2. Bound to transport protein in blood (transferrin)
    2c2a. Liver (spleen) -> stored as iron/protein complexes ferritin + hemosiderin 2c2b. Bone marrow -> use in erythrocytes
    2d2a
41
Q

What is included in the cardiovascular anatomy?

A

Heart, blood vessels and blood.

42
Q

Where does the heart lie?

A

Mediastinum

43
Q

What are the 2 circuits the heart pumps blood?

A

Systemic circuit: heart -(oxygenated blood)-> body -(deoxygenated)-> …
Pulmonary circuit: heart

44
Q

What are the different coverings and layers of the heart?

A

Pericardium:
1. Visceral pericardium “epicardium”
2. Pericardial cavity (filled w/ serous fluid)
3. Parietal pericardium
4. Fibrous pericardium (dense c.t., anchors heart, prevents overfilling.

  • 1,2 and 3 make up the serous pericardium
45
Q

What are the layers to the heart wall?

A
  • epicardium (visceral pericardium) = simple squamous +areolar
  • myocardium (cardiac muscle)
  • endocardium (membrane lining chambers) = simple squamous + areolar
46
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A
  • 2 atria (right - receives blood from body, left - receives blood from lungs)
  • 2 ventricles ( right - receives blood from r. Atria, left receives blood from l. Atria)
47
Q

What separates the left and right side of the walls?

A

Septum

153 - First Midterm (3 decks)

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