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Physical Oceanography > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

High windage means an object sits __ in water

A

high (bouy)

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2
Q

windage of water

A

1.0

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3
Q

windage of a shoe

A

1.2

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4
Q

windage of a bath toy

A

1.6

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5
Q

wind current speed of 1.6 means

A

object travels 20% faster than surrounding water

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6
Q

what are ocean currents and gyres driven by

A

wind and density

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7
Q

what is an offset by coriolis

A

gravity

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8
Q

average ocean depth

A

3.8 km

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9
Q

the Pacific is what % of the ocean

A

50.1

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10
Q

the Atlantic is what % of the ocean

A

25.9

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11
Q

The Indian is what % of the ocean

A

20.4

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12
Q

the Artic is what % of the ocean

A

3.6

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13
Q

the Southern Ocean is what % of the ocean

A

22%

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14
Q

why is the Southern Ocean not an ocean basin?

A

bc its not bounded by continents

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15
Q

Where is the Southern Ocean

A

extends from poles to 60d S

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16
Q

What are the Marginal Seas

A

Red and Black Sea

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17
Q

How are the Marginal Seas separated from major ocean basins?

A
  • by a sill (a shallow ride on seafloor)

- have independent deep water circulation

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18
Q

Radius of Earth at equator

A

6,378.1 km

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19
Q

Circumference of earth at the equator

A

40,075.02 km

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20
Q

How far is 1 degree of long at equator

A

40

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21
Q

What drives the wind pattern

A

heat

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22
Q

what is the ultimate goal of understanding the ocean

A

so we can predict things

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23
Q

oceanic currents are influenced by what?

A

Coriolis affect

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24
Q

What is the Hypsographic Curve

A

shows elevations of land and sea. Two modal elevations 3800 m below sea level and 800 m above sea level

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25
Q

What is the typical distortion in maps?

A

Horizontal distortion from projection and vertical distortion from scaling

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26
Q

Height of the Troposphere

A

10km

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27
Q

Where is there net heat loss

A

Poles

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28
Q

Where is there net heat gain?

A

Equator

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29
Q

Why is there less heat input at the poles?

A

Incident angle
Reflection
tilt of the earth

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30
Q

What is the tilt of the earth

A

23.4 degrees

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31
Q

What is the angle of incidence at the poles

A

small, more scattering less absorption

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32
Q

what does a small angle of incidence mean?

A

rays are split into 2: refraction and reflection

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33
Q

What does heating at the Earth’s surface lead to?

A

Seawater evaporation

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34
Q

What does more seawater evaporation lead to?

A

lower sea level atmospheric pressure

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35
Q

what does zonal mean

A

east to west

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36
Q

What happens to air as it warms?

A

It expands

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37
Q

What does cyclonic mean?

A

Low pressure in the center

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38
Q

How to winds flow?

A

from areas of high to low sealevel atmospheric pressure

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39
Q

Where does Coriolis deflect objects in the N Hemisphere

A

right

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40
Q

Where does Coriolis deflect objects in the S Hemisphere?

A

left

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41
Q

What is the theoretical explanation of Coriolis?

A

conservation of angular momentum

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42
Q

what two winds are next to the ITCZ

A

North-East Trade Winds and South East Trade Winds

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43
Q

what is wind stress

A

the vertical transfer of horizontal momentum from the atmosphere to the ocean (Nm-2)

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44
Q

what is the atmospheric (transition) boundary layer

A

the lowest part of the troposphere that is influenced by the presence of the earth’s surface

45
Q

what is the surface (equilibrium) layer

A

the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer closest to the ocean surface

46
Q

What happens at the surface layer

A

vertical fluxes of heat and momentum are constant

47
Q

What are the two layers the ocean is divided into?

A

surface circulation and deep cirulation

48
Q

what is surface circulation driven by?

A

wind

49
Q

what direction does surface circulations move

A

east to west (zonal)

50
Q

what is deep circulation

A

thermohaline

51
Q

what are thermohalines driven by

A

density

52
Q

how does deep circulation move

A

largely north to south (meridional) and overturning

53
Q

how much of the water column does thermohaline make up

A

90%

54
Q

what is anit-cyclonic

A

higher pressure in the center

55
Q

what are subtropical gyres influenced by

A

Trade Winds and Westerlines

56
Q

which way to subtropical gyres spin in the n. hemisphere

A

clockwise

57
Q

which way do subtropical gyres spin in the s. hemispehre

A

counterclockwise

58
Q

which way does the flow intensify in subtropical gyres

A

west

59
Q

what is work?

A

energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an external force applied in the direction of the displacement

60
Q

units of work

A

Nm

61
Q

as wind increases what type of cells do we get?

A

langmuir cells

62
Q

small wind =___ internal boundary layer and ____ layer gets thicker

A

small

equilibrium

63
Q

what is the Coriolis at the equator

A

0

64
Q

why is physical oceanography considered a multi-disciplinary science?

A

base on a lot of numerical data and modeling

65
Q

units for coriolis

A

newtons

66
Q

what kind of bond is water made of?

A

covalent bond

67
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

electrons are not shared equally

68
Q

is water polar or nonpolar

A

polar because charge is not spread equally throughout molecule

69
Q

hydrogen bonds from strong ____ forces

A

intermolecular

70
Q

what are the two sources of sea ice

A

freezing sea water (sea ice) broken from glaciers (icebergs)

71
Q

what is the role of sea ice in the heat budget

A

alters heat and momentum transfer

  1. high albedo
  2. insulates sea
  3. dampens wave action
72
Q

why does freezing seawater take longer than freshwater

A

more heat energy is being removed

73
Q

temperature of the maximum density of freshwater and seawater

A

freshwater 0ppt: 4 C

seawater at 35 ppt: -1.91 C

74
Q

as you cool water the ___ decreases and becomes more ___

A

volume

dense

75
Q

what the iceberg effect

A

icebergs significiantly slow down human-induced warming in the s. Hemisphere impacting global winds and rainfall

76
Q

water is ___ times denser than air

A

1000

77
Q

__ has the highest heat capacity on earth

A

water

78
Q

water has a specific heat capacity ___ times higher than the specific heat capacity of air

A

4.23

79
Q

1 calories is ___ joules

A

4.186

80
Q

how do we measure work

A

joules

81
Q

what is a joule

A

energy transferred to an object when 1 newton is applied in the direction of force over 1 meter

82
Q

how do we measure heat energy

A

calories

83
Q

what is a calorie

A

energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree c at 1 atmosphere

84
Q

importance of a high heat capacity

A

prevents extreme ranges in temperature

85
Q

why is having a high latent heat important

A

important for heat and water transfer in atomsphere

86
Q

ocean has a ___ albedo

A

low

87
Q

what light travels the furthest and lowest

A

furthest : blue

other red light

88
Q

light absorbance is a ___ function of depth

A

exponential

89
Q

Sound speed __ with increasing pressure, temperature and salinity

A

increases

90
Q

seawater is ____ and sound speeds are faster in the sea

A

incompressible

91
Q

speed of sound depends on

A

compressibility and density of the medium

92
Q

as pressure increases compressibility ___ and sound moves ____

A

decreases

faster

93
Q

as temperatures decreases compressibility ___ and sound moves ___

A

increases

slower

94
Q

sound waves bend towards depths of ___ speed

A

slower

95
Q

depth of sofar channel

A

500 m to 1500 m

96
Q

what does coulombs law describe

A

oppositely charged objects attract each other

97
Q

____ forces are strong intermolecular forces that allow polar molecules to exist as liquids

A

dipole/dipole

98
Q

how many hydrogen bonds can one water molecule form?

A

maximum of four other

99
Q

why does evaporation increase as temperature increases

A

higher temp = greater kinetic energy. higher the number of kinetic energy to break hydrogen bonds = greater the rate of evaporation

100
Q

what does specific heat mean?

A

the greater the specific heat the less the temperature will increase for a given input of energy

101
Q

what the the latent heat of melting for ice

A

80

102
Q

what is the latent heat of vaporizaiton

A

540

103
Q

what is em radiaton

A

electromagnetic spectrum

104
Q

what is the main source of e/m radiation

A

sun

105
Q

what is energy flux

A

rate of transfer of energy through a surface

106
Q

the amount of energy reflected or refracted depends on what

A

sun angle

roughness of sea surface

107
Q

as a water parcel compresses the molecules are crushed together and density ____

A

increases

108
Q

seawater is dominated by what two chemicals

A

Na Cl

Physical Oceanography (3 decks)

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