Quiz 1 Flashcards
High windage means an object sits __ in water
high (bouy)
windage of water
1.0
windage of a shoe
1.2
windage of a bath toy
1.6
wind current speed of 1.6 means
object travels 20% faster than surrounding water
what are ocean currents and gyres driven by
wind and density
what is an offset by coriolis
gravity
average ocean depth
3.8 km
the Pacific is what % of the ocean
50.1
the Atlantic is what % of the ocean
25.9
The Indian is what % of the ocean
20.4
the Artic is what % of the ocean
3.6
the Southern Ocean is what % of the ocean
22%
why is the Southern Ocean not an ocean basin?
bc its not bounded by continents
Where is the Southern Ocean
extends from poles to 60d S
What are the Marginal Seas
Red and Black Sea
How are the Marginal Seas separated from major ocean basins?
- by a sill (a shallow ride on seafloor)
- have independent deep water circulation
Radius of Earth at equator
6,378.1 km
Circumference of earth at the equator
40,075.02 km
How far is 1 degree of long at equator
40
What drives the wind pattern
heat
what is the ultimate goal of understanding the ocean
so we can predict things
oceanic currents are influenced by what?
Coriolis affect
What is the Hypsographic Curve
shows elevations of land and sea. Two modal elevations 3800 m below sea level and 800 m above sea level
What is the typical distortion in maps?
Horizontal distortion from projection and vertical distortion from scaling
Height of the Troposphere
10km
Where is there net heat loss
Poles
Where is there net heat gain?
Equator
Why is there less heat input at the poles?
Incident angle
Reflection
tilt of the earth
What is the tilt of the earth
23.4 degrees
What is the angle of incidence at the poles
small, more scattering less absorption
what does a small angle of incidence mean?
rays are split into 2: refraction and reflection
What does heating at the Earth’s surface lead to?
Seawater evaporation
What does more seawater evaporation lead to?
lower sea level atmospheric pressure
what does zonal mean
east to west
What happens to air as it warms?
It expands
What does cyclonic mean?
Low pressure in the center
How to winds flow?
from areas of high to low sealevel atmospheric pressure
Where does Coriolis deflect objects in the N Hemisphere
right
Where does Coriolis deflect objects in the S Hemisphere?
left
What is the theoretical explanation of Coriolis?
conservation of angular momentum
what two winds are next to the ITCZ
North-East Trade Winds and South East Trade Winds
what is wind stress
the vertical transfer of horizontal momentum from the atmosphere to the ocean (Nm-2)
what is the atmospheric (transition) boundary layer
the lowest part of the troposphere that is influenced by the presence of the earth’s surface
what is the surface (equilibrium) layer
the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer closest to the ocean surface
What happens at the surface layer
vertical fluxes of heat and momentum are constant
What are the two layers the ocean is divided into?
surface circulation and deep cirulation
what is surface circulation driven by?
wind
what direction does surface circulations move
east to west (zonal)
what is deep circulation
thermohaline
what are thermohalines driven by
density
how does deep circulation move
largely north to south (meridional) and overturning
how much of the water column does thermohaline make up
90%
what is anit-cyclonic
higher pressure in the center
what are subtropical gyres influenced by
Trade Winds and Westerlines
which way to subtropical gyres spin in the n. hemisphere
clockwise
which way do subtropical gyres spin in the s. hemispehre
counterclockwise
which way does the flow intensify in subtropical gyres
west
what is work?
energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an external force applied in the direction of the displacement
units of work
Nm
as wind increases what type of cells do we get?
langmuir cells
small wind =___ internal boundary layer and ____ layer gets thicker
small
equilibrium
what is the Coriolis at the equator
0
why is physical oceanography considered a multi-disciplinary science?
base on a lot of numerical data and modeling
units for coriolis
newtons
what kind of bond is water made of?
covalent bond
What is a covalent bond?
electrons are not shared equally
is water polar or nonpolar
polar because charge is not spread equally throughout molecule
hydrogen bonds from strong ____ forces
intermolecular
what are the two sources of sea ice
freezing sea water (sea ice) broken from glaciers (icebergs)
what is the role of sea ice in the heat budget
alters heat and momentum transfer
- high albedo
- insulates sea
- dampens wave action
why does freezing seawater take longer than freshwater
more heat energy is being removed
temperature of the maximum density of freshwater and seawater
freshwater 0ppt: 4 C
seawater at 35 ppt: -1.91 C
as you cool water the ___ decreases and becomes more ___
volume
dense
what the iceberg effect
icebergs significiantly slow down human-induced warming in the s. Hemisphere impacting global winds and rainfall
water is ___ times denser than air
1000
__ has the highest heat capacity on earth
water
water has a specific heat capacity ___ times higher than the specific heat capacity of air
4.23
1 calories is ___ joules
4.186
how do we measure work
joules
what is a joule
energy transferred to an object when 1 newton is applied in the direction of force over 1 meter
how do we measure heat energy
calories
what is a calorie
energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree c at 1 atmosphere
importance of a high heat capacity
prevents extreme ranges in temperature
why is having a high latent heat important
important for heat and water transfer in atomsphere
ocean has a ___ albedo
low
what light travels the furthest and lowest
furthest : blue
other red light
light absorbance is a ___ function of depth
exponential
Sound speed __ with increasing pressure, temperature and salinity
increases
seawater is ____ and sound speeds are faster in the sea
incompressible
speed of sound depends on
compressibility and density of the medium
as pressure increases compressibility ___ and sound moves ____
decreases
faster
as temperatures decreases compressibility ___ and sound moves ___
increases
slower
sound waves bend towards depths of ___ speed
slower
depth of sofar channel
500 m to 1500 m
what does coulombs law describe
oppositely charged objects attract each other
____ forces are strong intermolecular forces that allow polar molecules to exist as liquids
dipole/dipole
how many hydrogen bonds can one water molecule form?
maximum of four other
why does evaporation increase as temperature increases
higher temp = greater kinetic energy. higher the number of kinetic energy to break hydrogen bonds = greater the rate of evaporation
what does specific heat mean?
the greater the specific heat the less the temperature will increase for a given input of energy
what the the latent heat of melting for ice
80
what is the latent heat of vaporizaiton
540
what is em radiaton
electromagnetic spectrum
what is the main source of e/m radiation
sun
what is energy flux
rate of transfer of energy through a surface
the amount of energy reflected or refracted depends on what
sun angle
roughness of sea surface
as a water parcel compresses the molecules are crushed together and density ____
increases
seawater is dominated by what two chemicals
Na Cl
