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problem solving 2 > quiz 1 > Flashcards

quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sustainable development

A
  • development that meets the needs of present without compromising needs of future
  • Based on 1989 Brundtland report: Report of the World Comission on Environment and Development: our common future
  • 2015: UN adopted 17 sust development goals
  • aims to promote sound management of natural resources and ecosystems
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2
Q

role of education in sust

A
  • education is humanity’s best hope and most effective means to achieve sust development
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3
Q

universities and sust

A
  • universities educate those who develop and manage institutions
  • responsible for increasing awareness, knowledge tehnologies
  • criticized for unsustainable practices and poor curriculum
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4
Q

AASHE stars scorecard

A
  • sust tracking, assessment, rating system

- transparent, self reporting framework to measure sust

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5
Q

dal scorecard

A
  • gold

- 69.69

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6
Q

research

A
  • fundamental skill

- use to determine fact from fiction or opinion

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7
Q

where do research ideas come from

A
  • theory
  • observation
  • resolving conflicting results
  • replication
  • new phenomenon
  • tests of common sense
  • advocacy
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8
Q

inductive

A
  • start with observation
  • conduct more observations
  • create theory based on observations
  • keep observing and modify as needed
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9
Q

deductive

A
  • start with theory
  • express hypothesis
  • test again on new situations
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10
Q

qualitative

A
  • human centred approach
  • constructionists: created by humans/individual perspectives
  • associated with words
  • emphasizes processes: how perceptions/meanings develop, change and emerge
  • emphasizes subjectivity: knowing comes from closeness with participants
  • preference for an inductive approach
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11
Q

quantitative

A
  • natural science
  • realist: reality external to humans
  • numbers
  • emphasizes cause and effect
  • emphasizes objectivity - social distance
  • preference for deductive approach
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12
Q

quantitative characteristics

A
  • data is numerical and mathy
  • some data already in numbers
  • if not numbers, can turn them into numbers (scales)
  • goal: to generalize from a sampls
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13
Q

sources of quantitative data

A
  • primary data: observations, measurements, surveys

- secondary data: ex. census data, public energy audits

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14
Q

qualitative characteristics

A
  • mostly words, but also pictures et.c
  • data structured and coded into groups
  • results give an in depth picture
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15
Q

sources:

A
  • interviews, focus groups, surveys, community boards
  • secondary data
  • observations
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16
Q

mixed methods approach

A
  • mix of qualitative and quantitative approaches in many phases in the research process
  • focus on collecting, analyzing using both methods
  • provides better understanding of a research problem than either approach alone
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17
Q

how to decide which approach

A
  • what is the nature of research you want to do
  • who is audience
  • what is team background
  • what is teams worldview in terms of research
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18
Q

good research questions are

A
  • feasible
  • clear - operationalize terms, use hypothesis to measure variables and outcomes
  • ethical
  • significant - worht spending itme on
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19
Q

feasible research questions

A
  • specific
  • limited in scope
  • related to some evidence
  • amenable to specific evaluation criteria
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20
Q

non researchable questions

A
  • assume value judgements (Ex. best, should)

- may be turned into research questions

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21
Q
  • If everyone had to take a sust course, would they behave differently
A

if Dalhousie students from all faculties and programs were required to take a course on sustainability, would we see a reduction in wasteful behaviour

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22
Q
  • Are straws bad for campus
A

What percentage of the landfill waste stream is comprised of single use plastic straws from Dalhousie’s Studley campus?

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23
Q

hypothesis

A
  • testable proposed answer to a question
  • start by observing and reading lit (research) and make a guess
  • if, then statement
  • should include an independent and dependent vairable
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24
Q

purpose of a hypothesis

A
  • helps the researcher to focus experimental design, test something concrete
  • not to prove that hypothesis is correct, wnat to understand phenomenon
  • one experiment cant definitely answer question - but can support
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25
Q

good hypothesis 1

A

o Rainbow trout in poorly oxygenated water conditions suffer higher parasite loads

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26
Q

good hypothesis2

A

o Plants exposed to ladybugs will have fewer aphids after a week than plants which are not exposed to ladybugs

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27
Q

research question should be significant

A
  • contribute knowledge and value

- improve human condition

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28
Q

what is the purpose of sampling

A
  • to make inferences about the pop by sampling a subset
  • cant get data from the whole pop - get representative sample
  • sample stata used to estimate pop stat
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29
Q

goal of sampling

A

ubiased, representative cross section of pop

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30
Q

population vs sample

A
  • population: all entities of interest

- sample: proportion that represents the whole

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31
Q

when is a sample represetative

A
  • when the distribution of relevant attributes mirrors the distribution of the population’s attributes
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32
Q

homogeneity

A

similarity among all units or elements being studied

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33
Q

heterogeneity

A

diversity within population or attributes

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34
Q

homo and heterogeneity

A
  • affects numbe of samples that are needed
  • can come in forms not visible
  • in human subjects variation can manifest through gender, race, religion
35
Q

sampling frame

A
  • all members of a pop of interest

- complete list often unavailable

36
Q

how to ensure a representative sample

A
  • appropriate sampling technique
37
Q

probabilistic sampling

A
  • based on probability

- when goal is to generalize to a broad pop

38
Q

non probabilistic smapling

A
  • when seek strategically chosen samples

- only some participants with certain attributes can advance study objectives

39
Q

estimating sample size

A
  • 95% condifence interval is a range of values that you can be 95% certain contains the true meaning of the pop
40
Q

simple random sample

A
  • every individual has an equal chance of being included
  • random number generator, table of radom numbers, alorithm are the only true random
  • better for smaller sample sizes
41
Q

systematic sampling

A
  • make use of regular sampling interval (k) btwn individuals selected for inclusion
  • randomly choose starting point and select kth individual
  • easier than random sampling, better for larger samples
42
Q

stratified random

A
  • take a simple random sample from different identifiable subgroups or subareas
  • select samples randomly within subgroups
43
Q

proportional stratified random

A
  • sample proportions mirror pop proportions

- weakness: goups with smaller proportions have smaller sample size

44
Q

disproportional stratified random

A
  • interest in comparing btwn strata
45
Q
  • stakeholder sampling
A
  • all individuals with common stake in a service sampled
  • all voices heard
  • purposive
46
Q

maximum varition

A
  • emphasizes sampling for diversity
  • full range of voices heard regardless of magnitude of presence in pop
  • purposive
47
Q

thoughtful respondent:

A
  • favouring fewer thoughtful/informative respondents over a larger number of less informed participants
  • purposive
48
Q

snowball

A
  • sampling 1-2 individuals and using connections to generate more samples
  • usefull for closed/inaccessible pops
  • weakness: participants may be too similar
  • fix: initate several snowballs
49
Q

quota

A
  • samples within strata not selected randomly
  • assumption that all individuals within a stratum are equal and can be sampled up to the defined quota
  • weakness: assumption may not hold true
50
Q

advantages of interactive techniques

A
  • versatility
  • hear from respondent directly
  • questions usually answered
  • can collect demographic data that can enhance analysis
51
Q

disadvantages

A
  • designing meaningful questions is hard
  • understand how to analyze results
  • time intensive
52
Q

3 methods of interactive techni

A
  • questionnaires
  • interviews
  • surveys
53
Q

survey methods

A
  • pencil and paper
  • telephone
  • online
54
Q

survey issues to be aware of

A
  • online responding bias

- telephone - respondent lying ( intercept, leading the respondent)

55
Q

pros of survey

A
  • get lots of data
  • inexpensive
  • anonymity of respondnet
56
Q

cons of survey

A
  • cant clarify ambiguities/misinterpretations

- low response rate

57
Q

interview types

A
  • face to face

- telephone/skype

58
Q

pros of interviewa

A
  • higher response rate (70%)

- can clarify questions and answers

59
Q

cons of interviews

A
  • costly (time and $)

- can be difficult to get rid of participants

60
Q

focus group pros

A
  • lots of info from a few people in a short amount of time

- some poeple may be more willing to participate in a group

61
Q

cons of focus group

A
  • group thinking
  • influence of power
  • difficult to record/code results
62
Q

three primary methods of data collection

A
  • counts
  • measurements
  • audits
63
Q

audit

A
  • objective and independent assessment or evaluation of an organization’s practices in an area
64
Q

considerations of audits

A
  • space
  • time
  • subject attributes (categorizing)
  • back end indo
  • final calculation
65
Q

audit spatial considerations

A
  • study area (how in depth? how broad? whole capus or specifc area of a building?
66
Q

audit temporal considerations

A
  • during waht time of day/night
  • maximize periods of data collection and conduct replicates (ex. if auditing at 2p on monday, audit at same time another day)
  • consider peoples habits during certian times
  • condifer ability to focus ona single observation may be short - may lose accuracy
67
Q

categorize subject - light audit example

A
  • exterior or interior?
  • motion sensor or manual shutoff
  • timer or manual
  • shielded or unshielded
  • higher efficiency = lights on motion sensors or timers, shileded lights
  • captures detail needed
68
Q

back end info

A
  • often need to acquire info from facilities management or sust office toaccurately quantify/summarize audit
  • are any specialized toolds needed and what is available
  • budget enough time
  • goal: recommendations to improve current practices
69
Q

research ethics

A
  • aplies the principles of ehtics to within the framework of a particular research context
70
Q

ethical issues with the milgram experiment

A
  • deception and coercion
  • lack of respect and welfare for participants
  • limited protection of participants from harm
71
Q

basic ethical dilemma

A
  • conflicting obligation to science and to participants
72
Q

what is research ethics about

A
  • applying ethics to a research context
73
Q

3 main principles of resarch ethics

A
  • respect for people, animals, environment
  • concern for welfare of participants
  • justice, obligation to treat people fairly, equitably, with dignity
74
Q

why do we conduct ethics reviw

A
  • bc we should - social responsibiliyt and research integirty
  • bc we must - tricouncil policy statement (CIHR, NSERC, SSHRC), dal ethics review board
75
Q

respect for people directive

A
  • treat participants as autonomous beings (right to make independent decisions)
  • respect right to privacy
  • protect participants with limited autonomy
76
Q

implementation of respect for people

A
  • informed consent
  • voluntary participation
  • participant anoymity data confidentiality
  • special treatment of vulnerable pops
  • 3rd party consent
77
Q

confidentiality

A
  • only the invesitgator can identify responses of individuals, make effort to prevent anyone outside of project from connecting individuals with responses
78
Q

anonymity

A

project does not collect personal info from individuals, cant link responses to identities
- dont collect names unless ther is reason

79
Q

concern for welfare directive

A
  • minimize harm, maximize benefits
80
Q

concern for welfare implementation

A
  • study design, participant screening, risk assessment

- only collect data you need

81
Q

justice and inclusiveness directive

A
  • dont exploit vulnerable pops

- implementation: select participants equitably

82
Q

what research needs ethical review

A
  • living human participants
  • human remains, cadavers, tissues
  • secondary use of human data
  • naturalistic observation
  • research w animals
  • environmental experimentation
83
Q

wat doesnt need ethics reviw

A
  • research using publicly available info
  • legally accessible to public
  • no expectation of privacy
  • humans answering but with factual questions about info that is publicly available

problem solving 2 (3 decks)

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