Quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy/ Types of techniques
A
- The study of structure or form
- Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion, Deissection
2
Q
Inspection
A
- More important that you know
3
Q
Palpation
A
- touch and feel
4
Q
Auscultation
A
- Listen (usually with stethoscope)
5
Q
Percussion
A
- Tap with fingers and listen for sound
6
Q
Dissection
A
- Cadaver study
- Some exploratory surgeries
7
Q
Physiology
A
- The study of function at many levels
8
Q
Tissues (how many and what?)
A
- Epithelial Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Nerve Tissue
- Connective Tissue
9
Q
Standard Anatomical Position/ Why is it important
A
- Body erect
- Feet slightly apart (shoulder width)
- Palms facing forward
- It is a point of reference to accurately describe body parts and positions
10
Q
Anatomy of Cell
A
- Plasma Membrane (plasma lemma)
- Cytoplasm (cytosol) (cell organelles)
- Cell Extensions
- Nucleus
- Nuclear Envelope
- Nucleolus
11
Q
Phospholipid Bilayer
A
- Phospholipids are polar
- One end is “positive” while the other is “negative”
- Positive end facing out
- Negative ends are adjacent in the middle
12
Q
Cytoplasm and Organelles
A
- Cytosol - the fluid in the cell
- Organelles - the structures in the cell (outside nucleus)
Mitochondria- power plant; provides ATP
Ribosomes- protein synthesis/ may be free, or attached to the membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum- rough: manufacture protein secretions/ smooth: manufacture steroid secretions; detoxification
13
Q
Cell Replication
A
- Cell replication is a cycle of rest and activity
- G phases: gap phase - time of preparation
- S phase: synthesis phase - when the DNA is replicating
14
Q
Apoptosis
A
- Programmed cell death
15
Q
Homeostasis
A
- Ability of body to maintain a stable internal environment in a widely changing external environment
16
Q
Membrane Junction
A
- Tight junctions: integrins fuse together/ impenetrable junction
- Gap junctions: cells are close together, but not fused
17
Q
Epithelial Tissue
A
- Have at least 2 surfaces
1. Apical: that surface exposed to the exterior
2. Basal: the surface connected to a structure - epithelia are generally formed in tight junctions
- rest on CT
18
Q
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics
A
- Avascular (no blood supply)
- Innervated (has nerve supply)
19
Q
Simple
A
- one layer
20
Q
Stratified
A
- multiple layers
21
Q
Three basic shapes of Epithelia
A
- Squamous (flat)
- Columnar (columns/rectangles)
- Cuboidal (cube/square)
22
Q
Simple Epithelia
A
- one layer
- flat
- Examples
1. Kidney Glomerulus
2. Special types - endothelium: lining of blood vessels
- mesothelium: lining in the ventral cavity
- Function: absorption/ secretion
23
Q
Simple Squamous Epithelium
A
- thinnest tissue of the body
- allows transport across membrane in lungs and capillaries
24
Q
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
A
- cube shaped (square in 2-D)
- central nucleus
- found in glands, liver, kidney (tubules)
- forms ducts, tubules, and secretory cells
25
Simple Columnar Epithelium
- Nuclei usually located toward "bottom" (basal side) of cells
- can have secretory function
- found in intestine, uterus, stomach, kidney tubules
- can have cilia (hair like/ help move things around)
26
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
- (pseudo)= false
- appear to be layered but not
- nuclei not aligned
- found in respiratory tract
- can have cilia
- can have goblet cells which secrete mucus
27
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- (only look at apex)
- cells on top are flat, cells beneath are cuboidal, columnar
- cells tightly joined
- some are keratinized
(keratin layers on surface)
- some are not keratinized
(tongue, esophagus, etc.)
28
Transitional Epithelium
- *ONLY FOUND IN URINARY TRACT*
(bladder, ureters, urethra)
- transitional: changing shapes
29
Connective Tissue/ functions
- most abundant
| - support, binding of organs, protection, energy storage, transport
30
Types of CT
- BBCC
- Bone
- Blood
- CT Proper
- Cartilage
31
CT Proper
- 4 types (LARD)
- Loose (areolar) (loose arrangement of fibers)
- Adipose (fat cells)
- Reticular (fish net of tissue)
- Dense (dense regular, dense irregular, dense elastic)
32
Areolar CT
- fibroblasts most abundant
- fibers aligned randomly
- highly vascular
33
Dense CT
- Dense regular: closely packed collagen fibers in one direction
- Dense irregular: closely packed collagen, but in more than one direction
- Elastic: stretches, found in some expanding tissues
34
Reticular Tissue
- fibroblasts
| - collagen fibers
35
Adipose Tissue
- under the skin
- adipocytes
- found in skin, organ surfaces, bones
- energy reservoir
- white fat- most common (looks golden)
- Brown fat- in infants and children
36
Obesity
- occurs in 2 forms
1. hypertrophic obesity: deposition of fat in adipocytes
2. Hypercellular obesity: an overabundance of adipocytes
- overfeeding newborns increases the number of adipocytes which may lead to hypercellular obesity in adulthood
37
Tumors of Adipose tissue
- Benign: lipoma (more contained
| - Malignant: liposarcoma (usually the leg or retroperitoneum) (out of control/ will spread)
38
CT Cartilage
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibrocartilage
39
Hyaline Cartilage
- most important
- chondrocytes in lacunae
- Examples: ends of bones in movable joints, trachea, ends of ribs, bronchi, Adams apple, fetal skeleton
40
Elastic Cartilage
- Chondrocytes in lacunae
- collagen fibers in parallel
- invertebrate discs, knee joints (shock absorbers)
41
CT Bones osseous tissue
- Osteocytes are mature bone cells
- Osteoblasts generate new cells
- Osteoclast destroy bone
- this is key in the levels of calcium
- vitamin d
- calcitonin (stimulates osteoblasts)
- parathyroid hormone
42
Osseous Tissue
- spongy bone
- marrow spaces
- inside heads of long bones
43
Compact bone
- external bone surfaces
44
Compact bone structure
- cells are osteocytes (in lacunae)
- center of osteon
- central canal
- surrounding layers: lamellae
- matrix contains: dense mineral deposits and collagen fibers
45
CT Blood
- flows through vessesl
| - transport tissue
46
Red blood cell
- erythrocytes
47
White blood cell
- leukocytes
48
Cell fragments
- platelets
