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Anatomy & Physiology > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy/ Types of techniques

A
  • The study of structure or form

- Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion, Deissection

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2
Q

Inspection

A
  • More important that you know
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3
Q

Palpation

A
  • touch and feel
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4
Q

Auscultation

A
  • Listen (usually with stethoscope)
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5
Q

Percussion

A
  • Tap with fingers and listen for sound
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6
Q

Dissection

A
  • Cadaver study

- Some exploratory surgeries

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7
Q

Physiology

A
  • The study of function at many levels
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8
Q

Tissues (how many and what?)

A
  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Muscle Tissue
  • Nerve Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
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9
Q

Standard Anatomical Position/ Why is it important

A
  • Body erect
  • Feet slightly apart (shoulder width)
  • Palms facing forward
  • It is a point of reference to accurately describe body parts and positions
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10
Q

Anatomy of Cell

A
  • Plasma Membrane (plasma lemma)
  • Cytoplasm (cytosol) (cell organelles)
  • Cell Extensions
  • Nucleus
  • Nuclear Envelope
  • Nucleolus
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11
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A
  • Phospholipids are polar
  • One end is “positive” while the other is “negative”
  • Positive end facing out
  • Negative ends are adjacent in the middle
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12
Q

Cytoplasm and Organelles

A
  • Cytosol - the fluid in the cell
  • Organelles - the structures in the cell (outside nucleus)
    Mitochondria- power plant; provides ATP
    Ribosomes- protein synthesis/ may be free, or attached to the membrane
    Endoplasmic Reticulum- rough: manufacture protein secretions/ smooth: manufacture steroid secretions; detoxification
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13
Q

Cell Replication

A
  • Cell replication is a cycle of rest and activity
  • G phases: gap phase - time of preparation
  • S phase: synthesis phase - when the DNA is replicating
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14
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • Programmed cell death
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15
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • Ability of body to maintain a stable internal environment in a widely changing external environment
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16
Q

Membrane Junction

A
  • Tight junctions: integrins fuse together/ impenetrable junction
  • Gap junctions: cells are close together, but not fused
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17
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Have at least 2 surfaces
    1. Apical: that surface exposed to the exterior
    2. Basal: the surface connected to a structure
  • epithelia are generally formed in tight junctions
  • rest on CT
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18
Q

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

A
  • Avascular (no blood supply)

- Innervated (has nerve supply)

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19
Q

Simple

A
  • one layer
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20
Q

Stratified

A
  • multiple layers
21
Q

Three basic shapes of Epithelia

A
  • Squamous (flat)
  • Columnar (columns/rectangles)
  • Cuboidal (cube/square)
22
Q

Simple Epithelia

A
  • one layer
  • flat
  • Examples
    1. Kidney Glomerulus
    2. Special types
  • endothelium: lining of blood vessels
  • mesothelium: lining in the ventral cavity
  • Function: absorption/ secretion
23
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A
  • thinnest tissue of the body

- allows transport across membrane in lungs and capillaries

24
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A
  • cube shaped (square in 2-D)
  • central nucleus
  • found in glands, liver, kidney (tubules)
  • forms ducts, tubules, and secretory cells
25
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A
  • Nuclei usually located toward “bottom” (basal side) of cells
  • can have secretory function
  • found in intestine, uterus, stomach, kidney tubules
  • can have cilia (hair like/ help move things around)
26
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A
  • (pseudo)= false
  • appear to be layered but not
  • nuclei not aligned
  • found in respiratory tract
  • can have cilia
  • can have goblet cells which secrete mucus
27
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A
  • (only look at apex)
  • cells on top are flat, cells beneath are cuboidal, columnar
  • cells tightly joined
  • some are keratinized
    (keratin layers on surface)
  • some are not keratinized
    (tongue, esophagus, etc.)
28
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A
  • ONLY FOUND IN URINARY TRACT
    (bladder, ureters, urethra)
  • transitional: changing shapes
29
Q

Connective Tissue/ functions

A
  • most abundant

- support, binding of organs, protection, energy storage, transport

30
Q

Types of CT

A
  • BBCC
  • Bone
  • Blood
  • CT Proper
  • Cartilage
31
Q

CT Proper

A
  • 4 types (LARD)
  • Loose (areolar) (loose arrangement of fibers)
  • Adipose (fat cells)
  • Reticular (fish net of tissue)
  • Dense (dense regular, dense irregular, dense elastic)
32
Q

Areolar CT

A
  • fibroblasts most abundant
  • fibers aligned randomly
  • highly vascular
33
Q

Dense CT

A
  • Dense regular: closely packed collagen fibers in one direction
  • Dense irregular: closely packed collagen, but in more than one direction
  • Elastic: stretches, found in some expanding tissues
34
Q

Reticular Tissue

A
  • fibroblasts

- collagen fibers

35
Q

Adipose Tissue

A
  • under the skin
  • adipocytes
  • found in skin, organ surfaces, bones
  • energy reservoir
  • white fat- most common (looks golden)
  • Brown fat- in infants and children
36
Q

Obesity

A
  • occurs in 2 forms
    1. hypertrophic obesity: deposition of fat in adipocytes
    2. Hypercellular obesity: an overabundance of adipocytes
  • overfeeding newborns increases the number of adipocytes which may lead to hypercellular obesity in adulthood
37
Q

Tumors of Adipose tissue

A
  • Benign: lipoma (more contained

- Malignant: liposarcoma (usually the leg or retroperitoneum) (out of control/ will spread)

38
Q

CT Cartilage

A
  • Hyaline
  • Elastic
  • Fibrocartilage
39
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • most important
  • chondrocytes in lacunae
  • Examples: ends of bones in movable joints, trachea, ends of ribs, bronchi, Adams apple, fetal skeleton
40
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A
  • Chondrocytes in lacunae
  • collagen fibers in parallel
  • invertebrate discs, knee joints (shock absorbers)
41
Q

CT Bones osseous tissue

A
  • Osteocytes are mature bone cells
  • Osteoblasts generate new cells
  • Osteoclast destroy bone
  • this is key in the levels of calcium
    • vitamin d
    • calcitonin (stimulates osteoblasts)
    • parathyroid hormone
42
Q

Osseous Tissue

A
  • spongy bone
  • marrow spaces
  • inside heads of long bones
43
Q

Compact bone

A
  • external bone surfaces
44
Q

Compact bone structure

A
  • cells are osteocytes (in lacunae)
  • center of osteon
    • central canal
  • surrounding layers: lamellae
  • matrix contains: dense mineral deposits and collagen fibers
45
Q

CT Blood

A
  • flows through vessesl

- transport tissue

46
Q

Red blood cell

A
  • erythrocytes
47
Q

White blood cell

A
  • leukocytes
48
Q

Cell fragments

A
  • platelets

Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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