BIO201 Bones Tests 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the six functions of the skeleton?
A
- Support
- Protect
- Electrolyte Balance
- Acid-Base Balance
- Blood Formation
- Movement
2
Q
Where is red marrow found in children?
A
- found in most bones; hemopoietic
3
Q
Where is red marrow found in adults?
A
- only in axial body, sometimes heads of long bones
4
Q
What is ossification?
A
- process of laying down new bone
5
Q
Where does the primary ossification center occur?
A
- Diaphysis
6
Q
Where does the secondary ossification center occur?
A
- Epiphysis
7
Q
Metaphysis is the zone of transition between..
A
- Marrow Cavity
- Trabeculae of spongy bone
- Large Haversian Canals
8
Q
The five distinct zones of the Metaphysis are..
A
- Zone of reserve cartilage
- Zone of proliferation
- Zone of hypertrophy
- Zone of calcification
- Zone of bone deposition
9
Q
The human skeleton is made of..
A
- Ligaments
- Bones
- Cartilage
10
Q
What makes up the axial skeleton?
A
- Vertebral column
- Rib Cage
- Skull
11
Q
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
A
- Pectoral Girdle
- Pelvic Girdle
- Lower Extremities
- Upper Extremities
12
Q
What are the two sections of the skull and their function?
A
- Cranium Bones
- houses the brain - Facial Bones
- Framework of the face
- Cavities for special senses
- Passageways for food and water, air, mucus and
tooth anchor
13
Q
The hyoid bone is the anchor point for?
A
- Tongue
- Laryngeal Muscles
14
Q
What are some features of the cervical vertebrae?
A
- Bifid Spinous Process
- Transverse Foramen
15
Q
What are some features of the thoracic vertebrae?
A
- Inferior Projection
- Articulate with ribs
16
Q
What are some features of the lumbar vertebrae?
A
- Blunt Spinous Process
- Carries most stress
17
Q
What is the bump on the back of the neck?
A
- Vertebral Prominence on C7/ sometimes T1
18
Q
What is Kyphosis, what causes it?
A
- A Dorsal exaggeration of the spine
- Infection in vertebrae
- Trauma
19
Q
What is Lordosis, what causes it?
A
- A Lumbar exaggeration of the spine
- Beer bellies
- Pregnancy
20
Q
What is scoliosis?
A
- Lateral curvature of the spine
21
Q
What are the 5 Spinal ligaments and their functions?
A
- Longitudinal ligament
- continuous bands
- from neck to sacrum - Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
- attaches to vertebrae and disc - Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
- attaches to disc only
- thin, narrow, and weak - Ligamentum Flavum
- main posterior ligament - snaps back - Nuchal Ligament
- covers all spinous processes
22
Q
What are the five fingers?
A
- Pollex
- Index
- Middle
- Ring
- Digiti Minimi
23
Q
What are the four ligaments of the lower extremities?
A
- Anterior Cruciate
- Posterior Cruciate
- Medial Collateral
- Lateral Collateral
24
Q
What are three types of changes; bone growth and remodeling?
A
- Length
- Shape and Contour
- Landmark Changes
25
Where is a herniated disc most common?
- Posterior lateral quadrant of the disc
26
What is a greenstick fracture?
- Bone bends and breaks
27
What is a spiral fracture?
- Long bone is broken by a twisting force
28
What is a comminuted fracture?
- Break or splinter in bone into two or more fragments
29
What is a colles fracture?
- Fracture on distal end of the radius
30
What are joints?
- Articulation of bone
31
What is an articulation?
- Any junction of bone and bone
32
What is the study of articulation?
- Arthrology
33
What is the atlantooccipital joint?
- Atlas and occipital bone meet
34
What are the four broad categories of joints?
- Synostosis (boney)
- Synarthrosis (fibrous)
- Amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous)
- Synovial
35
What are the three subtypes of synarthrosis joints?
- Sutures: joints of flat bones
- Gomphosis: joints that binds teeth to sockets
- Syndesmosis: immovable joints held together with CT
36
What are two subtypes of Amphiarthrosis?
- Synchondrosis: almost immovable joint; bound together with cartilage
- Symphysis: two bones are closely joined
37
Define synostosis joints, and an example
- Two or more bones that have fused to form one bone
| - Sacrum
38
Define synarthrosis joints, and an example
- Bones that become fused by collagen fibers
| - Distal ends of radius/ulna
39
Define amphiarthrosis joints, give an example?
- Two bones are linked together by cartilage
| - Pubic symphysis
40
Synovial joints are sometimes called...
- Diarthrosis
41
What is synovial fluid?
- Lubricant of joint capsule
42
What is a meniscus, what is its function?
- Crescent shaped growth of cartilage from the joint capsule
- Provides stability and cushioning
- There are lateral and medial menisci
- There is a transverse ligament in menisci
43
What are Bursas?
- Sac of synovial fluid
| - Cushions tendons over bone
44
What are ligaments?
- Connects bone to bone
45
What are tendons?
- Connects bone to muscle
46
What are the six classes of synovial joints? Give an example of each.
- Ball and Socket; glenohumeral
- Condylar: metacarpalphalangeal
- Saddle: trapeziometacarpal
- Gliding: wrist/ankle
- Hinge: elbow/knee
- Pivot: atlantoaxial
47
What are the movements of synovial joints?
- Flexion/ Extension
- Abduction/ Adduction
- Circumduction
- Protraction/ Retraction
- Rotation
- Supination/ Pronation
48
What are the special movements of the hand?
- Ulnar/ Radial flexion
49
What are the special movements of the foot?
- Dorsiflexion
- Plantar flexion
- Inversion
50
What is a dislocation of the jaw?
- Temporomandibular jaw
51
Describe the glenohumeral joint?
- Big range of motion
- Usually dislocated anteriorly
- Not much stability
- 5 Ligaments
- 4 Bursas
52
What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff?
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres Minor
- Subscapularis
53
What are the joints of the elbow?
- 2 joints: hinge
- Humeroulnar
- Humeroradial
54
What is the hip joint?
- Deep ball and socket
| - Acetabular labrum (fibrocartilage in acetabulum)
55
What is the joint of the knee?
- Hinge
- Largest diarthrosis
- Tibiofemoral
- Patellofemoral
- The joint capsule of the knee does not encapsulate the anterior portion of the joint
- The joint capsule is covered by the patella and patellar ligament
56
What helps knee stabilization?
- Quadriceps tendon
- Semimembranous tendon
- Strengthening the muscle risks knee damage
57
What are the ligaments of the posterior knee
- Extracapsular ligaments:
- Medial collateral
- Lateral collateral
- Intracapsular ligaments
- Posterior cruciate: prevents backward displacement of tibia
- Anterior cruciate: prevents hyperextension, helps lateral stability
58
What is the ankle joint?
- Talocrural joint
- tibia and talus
- fibula and talus
59
What are the ligaments in the ankle?
- Anterior/Posterior Talofemoral ligament (ATFL)
| - Medial/ Lateral Collateral
60
What is Osteoarthritis?
- Wear and tear destruction of articular cartilage
| - Osteophytes develop: bony outgrowth
61
What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
- Autoimmune destruction of the joint capsule
| - bones may fuse
62
What test do you perform for anterior/posterior cruciate ligaments
- Drawer test
63
What test do you perform for medial/lateral collateral ligaments
- Mcmurrays test
64
What few tests do you perform for general knee evaluations?
- Apleys
| - Compression/Distraction
65
What are a couple tests to evaluate the ankle?
- Drawer test
| - Talar tilt
66
What is the periosteum made of? What is it?
- Dense irregular CT
| - The outer sheathing
67
What is endosteum made of? What is it?
- Reticular CT
| - Lining of medullary cavity
68
The epiphyseal plate is made of?
- Hyaline cartilage
69
Osteogenic cells develop from? and are capable of?
- Mesenchyme
| - Mitosis
70
Osteocytes ________the matrix
- Maintain
71
What are the depressions in bone surface created by osteoclasts?
- Howship's lacunae
72
What increases secretion and absorption surface area?
- Ruffled border
73
Collagen ________ brittleness
- Decreases
74
Minerals __________ loss of rigity
- Decrease
75
Osteocytes are joined by what?
- Gap junctions
76
Where is yellow marrow found in adults?
- shafts of long bones
77
Yellow marrow is no longer.... but it can..
- Hemopoietic
| - Revert
78
Intramembranous ossification forms in the..
- Tendons and Ligaments
79
What disease caused by a missense mutation?
- Achondroplasia
80
If calcium is too low..
- Hyperexciteable nerves
- Tetany
- hypocalcemia
81
If calcium is too high..
- Less excitable nerves
- Cardiac arrest and decreases reflexes
- hypercalcemia
