quiz #1 Flashcards
1
Q
what are prochaska’s stage of change?
A
Pre-contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance
2
Q
stages of growth and development: Prenatal Newborn Infancy Toddler
A
- Prenatal- conception to birth
- Newborn- birth-28 days
- Infancy- 1 month to 1 year
- Toddler- 1-3 years
3
Q
stages of growth and development: Preschool School age Adolescence Young adulthood Middle adulthood Old adulthood -Young old -Middle old -Old old
A
- Preschool-2-6 years
- School age- 6-10 years
- Adolescence- 10-18 years
- Young adulthood- 20-39 years
- Middle adulthood- 40-64 years
- Young old- 65-74 years
- Middle old 75-84 years
- Old old- 85+ years
4
Q
patterns of growth and development
A
Directional trends Sequential trends Developmental pace Sensitive periods Individual differences
5
Q
biological growth and physical development
A
External properties Biological determinants Skeletal growth and maturation Neurological maturation Lymphoid tissues Development of organ systems
6
Q
physiological changes
A
- metabolism
- temperature
- sleep and rest
- nutrition
- temperament
7
Q
what is growth?
A
physical (cells multiplying, teeth, bones, can be measured)
quantitative
8
Q
what is development?
A
qualitative
subtle, everyone develops the same way (not necessarily at the same rate)
9
Q
who is Freud?
A
freud is a psychosocial theorist
- believed two internal forces drove psychological changes in children
- sexual and aggressive energies (motivation for behaviour is to achieve pleasure and avoid pain)
10
Q
what is the ID, ego, and superego?
A
ID= basic instinctual impulses Ego= mediates conflict between environment and forces of the ID Superego= performs regulating, restraining and prohibiting actions
11
Q
oral and anal stage of freuds theory
A
oral: 0-1 years old, centre of pleasure; mouth
anal: 1-3 years old, source of pleasure; anus bladder (sensual satisfaction and self control)
12
Q
phallic and latency stage of freuds theory
A
phallic: 3-6 years old, centre of pleasure; childs genitalia (masturbation) major conflict with oedipus (father) and electra complex (mother)
latency: 6-12 years old, energy directed to physical and intellectual activities, sexual impulses repressed, relationships between peers of same sex
13
Q
genital stage of freuds theory
A
genital: 12-18 years old, energy directed towards full sexual maturation and function of and development of secondary sexual characteristics
14
Q
who is Erikson?
A
expanded on Freud’s psychosocial theory, covered the whole lifespan.
Individual must complete a task before moving onto the next stage
15
Q
what is epigenesis?
A
successive gradual change from mechanisms of eriksons theory (maturation and ego activity)
16
Q
stage 1 of erikson
A
Infancy; trust vs. mistrust
virtue= hope
17
Q
stage 2 of erikson
A
Early childhood; autonomy vs. shame and doubt
virtue= will
18
Q
stage 3 of erikson
A
Play age; initiative vs. guilt
virtue= purpose
19
Q
stage 4 of erikson
A
School age; industry vs. inferiority
virtue= competency
20
Q
stage 5 of erikson
A
Adolescence; ego identity vs. role confusion
virtue= fidelity
21
Q
stage 6 of erikson
A
Young adult; intimacy vs. isolation
virtue= love
22
Q
stage 7 of erikson
A
Adulthood; generativity vs. stagnation
virtue= care
23
Q
stage 8 of erikson
A
Maturity; ego integrity vs. despair
virtue= wisdom
24
Q
who is Piaget? (cognitive theory)
A
it addresses the development of childrens intellectual organization and how they think, reason, perceive and make meaning of the world
- acknowledges biological maturation
- “individual plays an active role in his/her development”
25
sensorimotor of piaget theory
0-2 years, coordination of senses with motor response, sensory curiosity of world, language used for demands and cataloguing
26
preoperational of piaget theory
2-7 years, symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammer to express full concepts
imagination and intuition are strong, but complex abstract thought is difficult
27
concrete operational of piaget thoery
7-11 years, concepts attached to concrete situations
| time, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not independently
28
formal operations of piaget theory
11 years, theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking
abstract logic and reasoning
strategy and planning
concepts can be applied to others
29
skinners behaviourist theory
Study relationship between stimuli and responses
- Emerged post WW2 to expand
behaviourists perspectives by acknowledging that internal, mental processes are at work during some situations but observable info should be gathered first
- Central belief= the consequence resulting from a certain behaviour serves to increase or decrease the likelihood that the individual will perform the same behaviour again
30
what is banduras social learning theory
Helps educators understand learners and develop interventions that enhance motivation and learning
-includes concepts such as self-efficacy
31
what is kohlbergs moral development theory
expanded on piagets theory
- found a link between behaviourist moral development and Piagets cognitive development
- Theorized that a child's moral development cannot advance if said child's cognitive development doesn't also mature
32
critics on Kohlbergs studies?
applicability of his study was questioned beyond the population of western male adolescents
age and gender biases were also critiqued
33
what is gilligans moral development theory
proposed kohlbergs theory was biased in favour towards men
- she believed men and women developed in parallel ways
- Main argument: developmental difference between male and females is in relationships and issues of dependency, separation, and individualization being tied critically to male development. Female moral development focuses on interpersonal relationships
34
critics of gilligan
lack of findings further inconclusively
| very controversial
35
chess and thomas
temperament theory
- easy
- slow to warm up
- difficult
36
westerhoff spiritual development theory
4 rings involved in the growth process
- experienced faith
- affiliative faith
- searching faith
- owned faith
37
6 stages of fowler development
```
0- Primal or undifferentiated
1- Intuitive-Projective
2- Mythic-Literal
3- Synthetic-Conventional
4- Individuative-Reflective
5- Conjuctive
6- Universalizing
```
38
Maslows 5 categories
```
physiological needs
safety needs
love and belonging
esteem
self-actualization
```
39
physiological needs of maslow
air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
40
safety needs of maslow
personal security, employment, resources, health, property
41
love and belonging of maslow
friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection
42
esteem of maslow
respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
43
self-actualization of maslow
desire to become the most that one can be
44
what is the school of thought of behaviourism founded on?
the belief that psychology should study only behaviours that are directly observable rather than abstract mental processes
45
who is credited for pioneering the school of behaviourism?
john watson. he agreed with thorndike that animals could be useful in guiding our understanding of human psychology
46
behaviourists began to disagree with each other.. what did bandura also propose?
that children often learn from social observation or modelling, not just punishment vs. rewards
47
did maslow agree with behaviourists?
no, he rejected the ideas of behaviourist because humanistic theorists felt that behaviourists looked at humans just like animals, and machines
48
what did humanism focus on?
potential of individuals, each persons subjectivity, consciousness, free will & specific human qualities
49
revised version of westerhoffs stages of faith?
affiliative faith- comes through feelings or experiences with others, looks to the community and its traditions
searching faith-questioning, critical judgement, experimentation
mature faith- governed by personal union with God through free acts of will
50
why should theoretical frameworks be applied in nursing?
provide the nurse with a holistic view of health promotion for the individual across the lifespan
51
all people have the same basic needs, however a persons perception of a need varies according to?
learning and the standards of his or her culture
52
when are meeting basic needs healthy?
when they:
- are not harmful to themselves or others
- meet the individuals sociocultural values
- are within the law
53
positive factors that affect the satisfying of needs?
- supportive relationships
- strong self-concept
- satisfactory achievement of developmental stages
54
explain external proportions and growth
- growth rate different in different tissues
- head is fastest growing
- trunk is fastest growing in infancy
- legs is fastest for childhood
55
what is temperament
"manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting to characteristics of an individual"
- the way you deal with life
56
three parts of temperament
- easy child (40%), even tempered, positive to new stimuli
- difficult child (10%), need structure, slow to adapt to new, negative
- slow-to-warm-up child (15%), negative at first, adapt if pressured
57
attributes of temperament
- activity
- rhythmicity
- approach/withdrawl
- adaptability
- threshold of responsiveness
- intensity of rxn
- attention span and persistance
- mood
58
how does self-concept develop
relationships with self
- with others
- with realities of world
59
functions of play
- sensorimotor development
- intellectual development
- socialization
- creativity
- self-awareness
- therapeutic value
- moral value
60
what is the most important growth influence
nutrition
61
what are the content play
```
social-affective play
sense-pressure play
skill play
unoccupied behaviour
dramatic play
game
```
62
what are the social characters of play
```
onlooker play
solitary play
parallel play
associative play
cooperative play
```
63
what are the three directional trends
cephalocaudal (head to tail)
proximodistal (middle to periphery)
differential (simple to complex)
64
3 motivations to learn
social
task mastery
physical
65
piaget meaning of assimilation
make sense of new info based on what is already known
66
What is NANDA?
Nursing American Nursing Diagnosis Association
- planning for care of clients
- prioritization's of relevant diagnosis
67
3 levels of kohlberg
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
68
preconventional of kohlberg
stage 1- obedience and punishment
(its okay to do it if you dont get caught
stage 2- instrument-relativist orientation
(if it feels good, do it)
69
conventional of kohlberg
stage 3- good boy nice girl
(he should do it cause he loves his life)
stage 4- law and order orientation
(saving a human life is more important than protecting property)
70
postconventional of kohlberg
stage 5- social contract orientation
(consensus of thoughtful men, i couldnt hold my head up if i let her die)
stage 6- universal ethical principles
(what if everyone did that?)
