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quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are prochaska’s stage of change?

A 
Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
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2
Q 
stages of growth and development:
Prenatal
Newborn
Infancy
Toddler
A
  • Prenatal- conception to birth
  • Newborn- birth-28 days
  • Infancy- 1 month to 1 year
  • Toddler- 1-3 years
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3
Q 
stages of growth and development:
Preschool
School age
Adolescence 
Young adulthood
Middle adulthood
Old adulthood 
-Young old
-Middle old 
-Old old
A
  • Preschool-2-6 years
  • School age- 6-10 years
  • Adolescence- 10-18 years
  • Young adulthood- 20-39 years
  • Middle adulthood- 40-64 years
  • Young old- 65-74 years
  • Middle old 75-84 years
  • Old old- 85+ years
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4
Q

patterns of growth and development

A 
Directional trends
Sequential trends
Developmental pace
Sensitive periods
Individual differences
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5
Q

biological growth and physical development

A 
External properties
Biological determinants
Skeletal growth and maturation
Neurological maturation
Lymphoid tissues
Development of organ systems
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6
Q

physiological changes

A
  • metabolism
  • temperature
  • sleep and rest
  • nutrition
  • temperament
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7
Q

what is growth?

A

physical (cells multiplying, teeth, bones, can be measured)

quantitative

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8
Q

what is development?

A

qualitative

subtle, everyone develops the same way (not necessarily at the same rate)

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9
Q

who is Freud?

A

freud is a psychosocial theorist

  • believed two internal forces drove psychological changes in children
  • sexual and aggressive energies (motivation for behaviour is to achieve pleasure and avoid pain)
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10
Q

what is the ID, ego, and superego?

A 
ID= basic instinctual impulses
Ego= mediates conflict between environment and forces of the ID
Superego= performs regulating, restraining and prohibiting actions
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11
Q

oral and anal stage of freuds theory

A

oral: 0-1 years old, centre of pleasure; mouth
anal: 1-3 years old, source of pleasure; anus bladder (sensual satisfaction and self control)

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12
Q

phallic and latency stage of freuds theory

A

phallic: 3-6 years old, centre of pleasure; childs genitalia (masturbation) major conflict with oedipus (father) and electra complex (mother)
latency: 6-12 years old, energy directed to physical and intellectual activities, sexual impulses repressed, relationships between peers of same sex

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13
Q

genital stage of freuds theory

A

genital: 12-18 years old, energy directed towards full sexual maturation and function of and development of secondary sexual characteristics

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14
Q

who is Erikson?

A

expanded on Freud’s psychosocial theory, covered the whole lifespan.
Individual must complete a task before moving onto the next stage

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15
Q

what is epigenesis?

A

successive gradual change from mechanisms of eriksons theory (maturation and ego activity)

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16
Q

stage 1 of erikson

A

Infancy; trust vs. mistrust

virtue= hope

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17
Q

stage 2 of erikson

A

Early childhood; autonomy vs. shame and doubt

virtue= will

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18
Q

stage 3 of erikson

A

Play age; initiative vs. guilt

virtue= purpose

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19
Q

stage 4 of erikson

A

School age; industry vs. inferiority

virtue= competency

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20
Q

stage 5 of erikson

A

Adolescence; ego identity vs. role confusion

virtue= fidelity

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21
Q

stage 6 of erikson

A

Young adult; intimacy vs. isolation

virtue= love

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22
Q

stage 7 of erikson

A

Adulthood; generativity vs. stagnation

virtue= care

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23
Q

stage 8 of erikson

A

Maturity; ego integrity vs. despair

virtue= wisdom

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24
Q

who is Piaget? (cognitive theory)

A

it addresses the development of childrens intellectual organization and how they think, reason, perceive and make meaning of the world

  • acknowledges biological maturation
  • “individual plays an active role in his/her development”
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25
Q

sensorimotor of piaget theory

A

0-2 years, coordination of senses with motor response, sensory curiosity of world, language used for demands and cataloguing

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26
Q

preoperational of piaget theory

A

2-7 years, symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammer to express full concepts
imagination and intuition are strong, but complex abstract thought is difficult

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27
Q

concrete operational of piaget thoery

A

7-11 years, concepts attached to concrete situations

time, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not independently

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28
Q

formal operations of piaget theory

A

11 years, theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking
abstract logic and reasoning
strategy and planning
concepts can be applied to others

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29
Q

skinners behaviourist theory

A

Study relationship between stimuli and responses
- Emerged post WW2 to expand
behaviourists perspectives by acknowledging that internal, mental processes are at work during some situations but observable info should be gathered first
- Central belief= the consequence resulting from a certain behaviour serves to increase or decrease the likelihood that the individual will perform the same behaviour again

30
Q

what is banduras social learning theory

A

Helps educators understand learners and develop interventions that enhance motivation and learning
-includes concepts such as self-efficacy

31
Q

what is kohlbergs moral development theory

A

expanded on piagets theory

  • found a link between behaviourist moral development and Piagets cognitive development
  • Theorized that a child’s moral development cannot advance if said child’s cognitive development doesn’t also mature
32
Q

critics on Kohlbergs studies?

A

applicability of his study was questioned beyond the population of western male adolescents
age and gender biases were also critiqued

33
Q

what is gilligans moral development theory

A

proposed kohlbergs theory was biased in favour towards men

  • she believed men and women developed in parallel ways
  • Main argument: developmental difference between male and females is in relationships and issues of dependency, separation, and individualization being tied critically to male development. Female moral development focuses on interpersonal relationships
34
Q

critics of gilligan

A

lack of findings further inconclusively

very controversial

35
Q

chess and thomas

A

temperament theory

  • easy
  • slow to warm up
  • difficult
36
Q

westerhoff spiritual development theory

A

4 rings involved in the growth process

  • experienced faith
  • affiliative faith
  • searching faith
  • owned faith
37
Q

6 stages of fowler development

A 
0- Primal or undifferentiated 
1- Intuitive-Projective
2- Mythic-Literal
3- Synthetic-Conventional
4- Individuative-Reflective
5- Conjuctive
6- Universalizing
38
Q

Maslows 5 categories

A 
physiological needs
safety needs
love and belonging
esteem
self-actualization
39
Q

physiological needs of maslow

A

air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction

40
Q

safety needs of maslow

A

personal security, employment, resources, health, property

41
Q

love and belonging of maslow

A

friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection

42
Q

esteem of maslow

A

respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom

43
Q

self-actualization of maslow

A

desire to become the most that one can be

44
Q

what is the school of thought of behaviourism founded on?

A

the belief that psychology should study only behaviours that are directly observable rather than abstract mental processes

45
Q

who is credited for pioneering the school of behaviourism?

A

john watson. he agreed with thorndike that animals could be useful in guiding our understanding of human psychology

46
Q

behaviourists began to disagree with each other.. what did bandura also propose?

A

that children often learn from social observation or modelling, not just punishment vs. rewards

47
Q

did maslow agree with behaviourists?

A

no, he rejected the ideas of behaviourist because humanistic theorists felt that behaviourists looked at humans just like animals, and machines

48
Q

what did humanism focus on?

A

potential of individuals, each persons subjectivity, consciousness, free will & specific human qualities

49
Q

revised version of westerhoffs stages of faith?

A

affiliative faith- comes through feelings or experiences with others, looks to the community and its traditions
searching faith-questioning, critical judgement, experimentation
mature faith- governed by personal union with God through free acts of will

50
Q

why should theoretical frameworks be applied in nursing?

A

provide the nurse with a holistic view of health promotion for the individual across the lifespan

51
Q

all people have the same basic needs, however a persons perception of a need varies according to?

A

learning and the standards of his or her culture

52
Q

when are meeting basic needs healthy?

A

when they:

  • are not harmful to themselves or others
  • meet the individuals sociocultural values
  • are within the law
53
Q

positive factors that affect the satisfying of needs?

A
  • supportive relationships
  • strong self-concept
  • satisfactory achievement of developmental stages
54
Q

explain external proportions and growth

A
  • growth rate different in different tissues
  • head is fastest growing
  • trunk is fastest growing in infancy
  • legs is fastest for childhood
55
Q

what is temperament

A

“manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting to characteristics of an individual”

  • the way you deal with life
56
Q

three parts of temperament

A
  • easy child (40%), even tempered, positive to new stimuli
  • difficult child (10%), need structure, slow to adapt to new, negative
  • slow-to-warm-up child (15%), negative at first, adapt if pressured
57
Q

attributes of temperament

A
  • activity
  • rhythmicity
  • approach/withdrawl
  • adaptability
  • threshold of responsiveness
  • intensity of rxn
  • attention span and persistance
  • mood
58
Q

how does self-concept develop

A

relationships with self

  • with others
  • with realities of world
59
Q

functions of play

A
  • sensorimotor development
  • intellectual development
  • socialization
  • creativity
  • self-awareness
  • therapeutic value
  • moral value
60
Q

what is the most important growth influence

A

nutrition

61
Q

what are the content play

A 
social-affective play
sense-pressure play
skill play
unoccupied behaviour
dramatic play 
game
62
Q

what are the social characters of play

A 
onlooker play
solitary play
parallel play
associative play
cooperative play
63
Q

what are the three directional trends

A

cephalocaudal (head to tail)
proximodistal (middle to periphery)
differential (simple to complex)

64
Q

3 motivations to learn

A

social
task mastery
physical

65
Q

piaget meaning of assimilation

A

make sense of new info based on what is already known

66
Q

What is NANDA?

A

Nursing American Nursing Diagnosis Association

  • planning for care of clients
  • prioritization’s of relevant diagnosis
67
Q

3 levels of kohlberg

A

Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional

68
Q

preconventional of kohlberg

A

stage 1- obedience and punishment
(its okay to do it if you dont get caught
stage 2- instrument-relativist orientation
(if it feels good, do it)

69
Q

conventional of kohlberg

A

stage 3- good boy nice girl
(he should do it cause he loves his life)
stage 4- law and order orientation
(saving a human life is more important than protecting property)

70
Q

postconventional of kohlberg

A

stage 5- social contract orientation
(consensus of thoughtful men, i couldnt hold my head up if i let her die)
stage 6- universal ethical principles
(what if everyone did that?)

n133 (2 decks)

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