quiz #1 Flashcards
what are prochaska’s stage of change?
Pre-contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance
stages of growth and development: Prenatal Newborn Infancy Toddler
- Prenatal- conception to birth
- Newborn- birth-28 days
- Infancy- 1 month to 1 year
- Toddler- 1-3 years
stages of growth and development: Preschool School age Adolescence Young adulthood Middle adulthood Old adulthood -Young old -Middle old -Old old
- Preschool-2-6 years
- School age- 6-10 years
- Adolescence- 10-18 years
- Young adulthood- 20-39 years
- Middle adulthood- 40-64 years
- Young old- 65-74 years
- Middle old 75-84 years
- Old old- 85+ years
patterns of growth and development
Directional trends Sequential trends Developmental pace Sensitive periods Individual differences
biological growth and physical development
External properties Biological determinants Skeletal growth and maturation Neurological maturation Lymphoid tissues Development of organ systems
physiological changes
- metabolism
- temperature
- sleep and rest
- nutrition
- temperament
what is growth?
physical (cells multiplying, teeth, bones, can be measured)
quantitative
what is development?
qualitative
subtle, everyone develops the same way (not necessarily at the same rate)
who is Freud?
freud is a psychosocial theorist
- believed two internal forces drove psychological changes in children
- sexual and aggressive energies (motivation for behaviour is to achieve pleasure and avoid pain)
what is the ID, ego, and superego?
ID= basic instinctual impulses Ego= mediates conflict between environment and forces of the ID Superego= performs regulating, restraining and prohibiting actions
oral and anal stage of freuds theory
oral: 0-1 years old, centre of pleasure; mouth
anal: 1-3 years old, source of pleasure; anus bladder (sensual satisfaction and self control)
phallic and latency stage of freuds theory
phallic: 3-6 years old, centre of pleasure; childs genitalia (masturbation) major conflict with oedipus (father) and electra complex (mother)
latency: 6-12 years old, energy directed to physical and intellectual activities, sexual impulses repressed, relationships between peers of same sex
genital stage of freuds theory
genital: 12-18 years old, energy directed towards full sexual maturation and function of and development of secondary sexual characteristics
who is Erikson?
expanded on Freud’s psychosocial theory, covered the whole lifespan.
Individual must complete a task before moving onto the next stage
what is epigenesis?
successive gradual change from mechanisms of eriksons theory (maturation and ego activity)
stage 1 of erikson
Infancy; trust vs. mistrust
virtue= hope
stage 2 of erikson
Early childhood; autonomy vs. shame and doubt
virtue= will
stage 3 of erikson
Play age; initiative vs. guilt
virtue= purpose
stage 4 of erikson
School age; industry vs. inferiority
virtue= competency
stage 5 of erikson
Adolescence; ego identity vs. role confusion
virtue= fidelity
stage 6 of erikson
Young adult; intimacy vs. isolation
virtue= love
stage 7 of erikson
Adulthood; generativity vs. stagnation
virtue= care
stage 8 of erikson
Maturity; ego integrity vs. despair
virtue= wisdom
who is Piaget? (cognitive theory)
it addresses the development of childrens intellectual organization and how they think, reason, perceive and make meaning of the world
- acknowledges biological maturation
- “individual plays an active role in his/her development”
sensorimotor of piaget theory
0-2 years, coordination of senses with motor response, sensory curiosity of world, language used for demands and cataloguing
preoperational of piaget theory
2-7 years, symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammer to express full concepts
imagination and intuition are strong, but complex abstract thought is difficult
concrete operational of piaget thoery
7-11 years, concepts attached to concrete situations
time, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not independently
formal operations of piaget theory
11 years, theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking
abstract logic and reasoning
strategy and planning
concepts can be applied to others
skinners behaviourist theory
Study relationship between stimuli and responses
- Emerged post WW2 to expand
behaviourists perspectives by acknowledging that internal, mental processes are at work during some situations but observable info should be gathered first
- Central belief= the consequence resulting from a certain behaviour serves to increase or decrease the likelihood that the individual will perform the same behaviour again
what is banduras social learning theory
Helps educators understand learners and develop interventions that enhance motivation and learning
-includes concepts such as self-efficacy
what is kohlbergs moral development theory
expanded on piagets theory
- found a link between behaviourist moral development and Piagets cognitive development
- Theorized that a child’s moral development cannot advance if said child’s cognitive development doesn’t also mature
critics on Kohlbergs studies?
applicability of his study was questioned beyond the population of western male adolescents
age and gender biases were also critiqued
what is gilligans moral development theory
proposed kohlbergs theory was biased in favour towards men
- she believed men and women developed in parallel ways
- Main argument: developmental difference between male and females is in relationships and issues of dependency, separation, and individualization being tied critically to male development. Female moral development focuses on interpersonal relationships
critics of gilligan
lack of findings further inconclusively
very controversial
chess and thomas
temperament theory
- easy
- slow to warm up
- difficult
westerhoff spiritual development theory
4 rings involved in the growth process
- experienced faith
- affiliative faith
- searching faith
- owned faith
6 stages of fowler development
0- Primal or undifferentiated 1- Intuitive-Projective 2- Mythic-Literal 3- Synthetic-Conventional 4- Individuative-Reflective 5- Conjuctive 6- Universalizing
Maslows 5 categories
physiological needs safety needs love and belonging esteem self-actualization
physiological needs of maslow
air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
safety needs of maslow
personal security, employment, resources, health, property
love and belonging of maslow
friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection
esteem of maslow
respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
self-actualization of maslow
desire to become the most that one can be
what is the school of thought of behaviourism founded on?
the belief that psychology should study only behaviours that are directly observable rather than abstract mental processes
who is credited for pioneering the school of behaviourism?
john watson. he agreed with thorndike that animals could be useful in guiding our understanding of human psychology
behaviourists began to disagree with each other.. what did bandura also propose?
that children often learn from social observation or modelling, not just punishment vs. rewards
did maslow agree with behaviourists?
no, he rejected the ideas of behaviourist because humanistic theorists felt that behaviourists looked at humans just like animals, and machines
what did humanism focus on?
potential of individuals, each persons subjectivity, consciousness, free will & specific human qualities
revised version of westerhoffs stages of faith?
affiliative faith- comes through feelings or experiences with others, looks to the community and its traditions
searching faith-questioning, critical judgement, experimentation
mature faith- governed by personal union with God through free acts of will
why should theoretical frameworks be applied in nursing?
provide the nurse with a holistic view of health promotion for the individual across the lifespan
all people have the same basic needs, however a persons perception of a need varies according to?
learning and the standards of his or her culture
when are meeting basic needs healthy?
when they:
- are not harmful to themselves or others
- meet the individuals sociocultural values
- are within the law
positive factors that affect the satisfying of needs?
- supportive relationships
- strong self-concept
- satisfactory achievement of developmental stages
explain external proportions and growth
- growth rate different in different tissues
- head is fastest growing
- trunk is fastest growing in infancy
- legs is fastest for childhood
what is temperament
“manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting to characteristics of an individual”
- the way you deal with life
three parts of temperament
- easy child (40%), even tempered, positive to new stimuli
- difficult child (10%), need structure, slow to adapt to new, negative
- slow-to-warm-up child (15%), negative at first, adapt if pressured
attributes of temperament
- activity
- rhythmicity
- approach/withdrawl
- adaptability
- threshold of responsiveness
- intensity of rxn
- attention span and persistance
- mood
how does self-concept develop
relationships with self
- with others
- with realities of world
functions of play
- sensorimotor development
- intellectual development
- socialization
- creativity
- self-awareness
- therapeutic value
- moral value
what is the most important growth influence
nutrition
what are the content play
social-affective play sense-pressure play skill play unoccupied behaviour dramatic play game
what are the social characters of play
onlooker play solitary play parallel play associative play cooperative play
what are the three directional trends
cephalocaudal (head to tail)
proximodistal (middle to periphery)
differential (simple to complex)
3 motivations to learn
social
task mastery
physical
piaget meaning of assimilation
make sense of new info based on what is already known
What is NANDA?
Nursing American Nursing Diagnosis Association
- planning for care of clients
- prioritization’s of relevant diagnosis
3 levels of kohlberg
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
preconventional of kohlberg
stage 1- obedience and punishment
(its okay to do it if you dont get caught
stage 2- instrument-relativist orientation
(if it feels good, do it)
conventional of kohlberg
stage 3- good boy nice girl
(he should do it cause he loves his life)
stage 4- law and order orientation
(saving a human life is more important than protecting property)
postconventional of kohlberg
stage 5- social contract orientation
(consensus of thoughtful men, i couldnt hold my head up if i let her die)
stage 6- universal ethical principles
(what if everyone did that?)
