Quiz 1

Question 1

Results or inferences that systematically deviate from the truth ‘or the processes leading to such deviation

Answer 1

Bias

Question 2

The abstract for an article says: we examined the association between regular exercise and low back pain over a five year period. 
What is the most likely study design
A. Case study
B. Cohort study
C. RCT
D. N=1 clinical trial

Answer 2

B. cohort study

Question 3

A prospective epidemiologic research design used to evaluate the relationship between a potential exposure (e.g., risk factor) and an outcome (e.g., disease or disorder); two groups of subjects-one of which has the exposure and one of which does not-are monitored over time to determine who develops the outcome and who does not

Answer 3

cohort design

Question 4

The inability or restricted ability to perform actions, tasks, and activities related to required self-care, home management, work (job/school/play), community, and leisure roles in the individual’s sociocultural context and physical environment

Answer 4

disability (Nagi model)

Question 5

types of observational studies

Answer 5

1. cohort design

2. case control

Question 6

depicts the clinical aspects of a patients/clients situation, as well as social context that shapes perceptions of health, wellness, illness, and disability for each individual

Answer 6

disablement model

Question 7

uneven weighing of likelihood based on therapist fear

i.e. “don’t want to miss it” “won’t do, too risky”

Answer 7

value bias

Question 8

Alterations in the anatomical, physiological or psychological structures or functions that both (1) result from underlying changes in the normal state and (2) contribute to illness

Answer 8

impairment (Nagi model)

Question 9

types of experimental studies

Answer 9

randomized control trials

Question 10

Evidence Based Practice

Answer 10

the integration of the best research, clinical expertise, and patient values

Question 11

Background question

Answer 11

normal physiology or behavior, pathophysiology, or basic patient diagnostic and treatment information

Question 12

Foreground question

Answer 12

selection and interpretation of diagnostic tests or clinical measures, prediction of specific patient, prognosis, comparative risks and benefits of various treatment strategies, potential outcomes and their measurement

Question 13

A retrospective epidemiologic research design used to evaluate the relationship between a potential exposure (e.g., risk factor) and an outcome (e.g., disease or disorder); two groups of subjects-one of which has the outcome (i.e., the case) and one which does not (i.e., the control)-are compared to determine which group has a greater proportion of individuals with the exposure

Answer 13

case control design

Question 14

A detailed description of the management of a patient/client that may serve as the basis for future research

Answer 14

case report

Question 15

A description of the management of several patients/clients for the same purposes as a case report; the use of multiple individuals increases the potential importance of the observations as the basis for future research

Answer 15

case series

Question 16

A research design in which the behavior of randomly assigned groups of subjects is measured following the purposeful manipulation of an independent variable(s) in at least one of the groups; used to examine cause-and-effect relationships between an independent variable(s) and an outcome

Answer 16

experimental design

Question 17

A statistical method used to pool data from individual studies included in a systematic review

Answer 17

meta-analysis

Question 18

A research design in which controlled manipulation of the subjects is lacking1; in addition, if groups are present, assignment is predetermined based on naturally occurring subject characteristics or activities

Answer 18

observational design

Question 19

A research design that follows subjects forward over a specified period of time

Answer 19

prospective design

Question 20

A clinical study that uses a randomization process to assign subjects to either an experimental group(s) or a control (or comparison) group

experimental group = receive the intervention or preventive measure of interest
control group = comparison group who did not receive the experimental manipulation

Answer 20

randomized control trial

Question 21

A research design that uses historical (past) data from sources such as medical records, insurance claims, or outcomes databases

Answer 21

retrospective design

Question 22

A method by which a collection of individual research studies is gathered and critically appraised in an effort to reach a conclusion about the cumulative weight of the evidence on a particular topic

Answer 22

systematic review

Question 23

conclusions based on previously held expectations

i.e. jumping to conclusions

Answer 23

ascertainment bias

Question 24

selectively focuses on info that confirms hypothesis

i.e. I am sure I need treatment X

Answer 24

confirmation bias

Question 25

easily remembered due to recent patient examples | i.e. a run of this disorder

Answer 25

recency effect

Question 26

draw conclusions only from patients that return | i.e. "all my patients get better"

Answer 26

representativeness exclusivity

Question 27

1) Patient/problem 2) Intervention - what are you going to do/want to do 3) Comparison - what are you doing now 4) Outcome

Answer 27

PICO question

Question 28

types of descriptive studies

Answer 28

cross sectional ecological case series case report

Question 29

alternating treatment designs and interaction designs to evaluate more than one experimental treatment and the interaction of the two - in these designs, investigators may randomize the order in which the interventions are designed

Answer 29

n=1 study design

Question 30

statistical analysis of data from subjects according to the group to which they were assigned despite noncompliance with the study protocol

Answer 30

intention to treat

Question 31

based on ability to control for bias and to demonstrate cause and effect in humans

Answer 31

hierarchy of research designs

Question 32

``` What would be the best patient centered design to test whether a specific treatment will work on a specific patient you are currently treating A. Case study B. Case series C. Randomized clinical trial D. N = 1 clinical trial ```

Answer 32

N = 1 clinical trial

Question 33

``` The abstract for an article says: The primary aim was to compare the effects of the Mckenzie method and motor control exercises on trunk muscle recruitment in people with chronic low back pain classified with a directional preference A. Diagnostic test study B. Cohort study C. Randomized control trial D. Case study ```

Answer 33

randomized control trial

Question 34

``` EBP is defined as the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of the current best evidence in A. Diagnostics of patient care B. Use of therapeutic interventions C. Care of individual patients D. In supporting healthcare reform ```

Answer 34

care of individual patients

Question 35

``` The abstract for an article states the following: The 4 patients in this series had clinical evidence and magnetic resonance imaging confirmation of an acetabular labrum tear and underwent a similar treatment protocol consisting of 3 phases. What is the most likely study design? A. Cohort study B. Case series C. Randomized control trial D. N of 1 randomized clinical trial ```

Answer 35

case series

Question 36

``` When asking a clinical question about effectiveness of a specific treatment, which of the following is most important A. more general B. the more articles the better C. Best asked using PICO format D. all the above ```

Answer 36

best asked using PICO format

Question 37

Proficiency of clinical skills and abilities, informed by continually expanding knowledge, that individual clinicians develop through experience, learning, and reflection about their practice

Answer 37

clinical expertise

Question 38

Occur when impairments result in a restriction of the ability to perform a physical action, task or activity in an efficient, typically expected, or competent manner

Answer 38

functional limitations (Nagi model)

Question 39

Problems in body functions or structure such as a significant deviation or loss

Answer 39

impairment (ICF model)

Question 40

the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current based evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients

Answer 40

evidence based medicine

Question 41

a framework for describing and organising information on functioning and disability. It provides a standard language and a conceptual basis for the definition and measurement of health and disability

Answer 41

ICF model

Question 42

A study that collects data about a phenomenon during a single point in time or once within a defined time interval

Answer 42

cross sectional study

Question 43

1. The study addresses the specific clinical question the PT is trying to answer 2. the subjects in the study have characteristics that are similar to the patient whom the PT has a clinical question 3. the study was published in peer reviewed medium 4. the context of the study and or technique of interest are consistent with contemporary health care

Answer 43

4 desirable characteristics of research

Question 44

a prediction that the outcome of an investigation will demonstrate 'no difference' or 'no relationship' between groups (or variables) in the study other than what chance alone might create

Answer 44

statistical hypothesis (null hypothesis)

Question 45

A prediction that the outcome of an investigation will demonstrate a difference or relationship between groups (or variables) in the study that is the result of more than chance alone

Answer 45

research hypothesis (alternative hypothesis)

Question 46

The extent to which an intervention produces a desired outcome under ideal conditions

Answer 46

efficacy

Question 47

The smallest treatment effect that would result in a change in patient management, given its side effects, costs and inconveniences

Answer 47

Minimal clinically important difference (MCID)

Question 48

the probability that a statistical finding occurred due to chance

Answer 48

p value

Question 49

Experimental design that lacks random assignment

Answer 49

quasi-experimental design

Question 50

Three paradigm shifts in medicine

Answer 50

focus on outcome research to document effectiveness application of models of health and disability Attention given to EBP