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macronutrients > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the names of disorders caused by ulcers

A

dumping syndrome, zollinger Ellison syndrome

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2
Q

what does Zollinger-Ellson Syndrom

A

produces large quantities of gastrin which stimulates HCL attacks the mucosa and causes ulcers on walls on stomach

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3
Q

what is Peptic ulcer disease

A

ulcerations or erosions in mucosa and submucosa layers of the stomach, duodenum or lower esophagus

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4
Q

what is a common cause of peptic ulcer disease

A

helicobacter (H) pylori- is a bacteria that can survive in high acidity

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5
Q

what are other causes of peptic ulcer disease

A

chronic alcohol ingestion, use of NSAIDS

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6
Q

what can you use to treat peptic ulcer

A

H2 receptor blockers

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7
Q

dumping syndrome

A

caused by reduction of stomach size
hyperosmolar chime is released into the duodenum too quickly
highly acidic chyme dumped to small intestines
Fluid is drawn from blood reduces blood volume that can cause
hypertension, dizziness, nausea, abdominal pain, hypoglycemia, tachycardia
blood sugar goes up body secretes insulin cuase reduction in glucose

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8
Q

what are the parts of the small intestines

A

duodenum, jujenum, and ileum

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9
Q

what are the folds called in the small intestines and what do they do

A

Kerckring, large, circular folds of mucosa, folded into the lumen

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10
Q

villi

A

finger-like projections

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11
Q

what cells make up villi

A

enterocytes- they make up the size of the small intestines

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12
Q

microvilli

A

hair like extensions of cells plasma membranes

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13
Q

what is between the lumen and brush border

A

unstirred water layer- that is where nutrients has to cross

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14
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

in between villi where mitosis takes place as cell # increase old cell die and fall off intestine cells are rapid turn over cell last 3-5days

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15
Q

Paneth cell

A

make antimicrobial compound, lysosome (enzyme that destroys bacteria cell wall)

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16
Q

Golblet Cell

A

secrete large amount of mucus that protect the walls of the intestines

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17
Q

all enzymes in small intestine only work at what pH

A

7-8

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18
Q

what gland get the body to specific pH and how

A

brunners gland secretes mucus and small sodium bicarbonate secretions from pancreas rich in sodium bicarbonate which is made in the duodenum

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19
Q

Regulation of intestinal motility and secretions

A

progressive contractions
segmentation contractions
neural reflexes also affected motility
migrating motility (myoelectric complex

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20
Q

neural reflexes also affect motility

A

help coordinate motility and secretions from one area to the next

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21
Q

Migrating motility (myoelectric complex)

A

series of weak contractions that sweep out intestines between meals

22
Q

what are the digestive enzymes

A

pancreatic lipase and alpha amylase

23
Q

trypsinogin is made where

A

pancreas

24
Q

inhibitors of motility

A

glucagon

25
Q

bile pigments

A

bilirubin and biliverdin

26
Q

the pancreas

A

ductless endocrine cells that secret hormones into the blood
digestive enzymes produced by acinar exocrine cells
pancreatic juices

27
Q

what do the pancreatic juices contain

A

water
electrolytes
bicarbonate
pancreatic digestive enzymes

28
Q

islet of langchans produce hormones from a and b and d cells what hormones do those cells produce

A

the a cell produces glucagon
the b cell produces vega cells which creates insulin
D cells (delta cells)makes stomatostatin

29
Q

75 percent of pancreas makes exocrine cells called

A

duct cells and acinar cells

30
Q

what do duct cells do

A

create sodium bicarbonate

31
Q

what do acinar cells do

A

secret digestive jucies

32
Q

regulation of pancreatic secretions primary stimuli

A

secretin and cholecystokinin

33
Q

secretin is stimulated aby

A

the s cells in proximal small intestine

responds to presence of acidic chyme

34
Q

Cholyecystokinin is secreted by

A

I cells of proximal small intestine and enteric nerves and responds to presence of fat and partially digested proteins in duodenum- goes to the pancreas to release pancreatic juices

35
Q

what state are the enzymes in the pancreas

A

inactive

36
Q

what is a disorder of the pancreas

A

pancreatitis

37
Q

pancreatitis

A

zygomens become activated and digest pancreatic tissue
condidtion can occur with excessive alcohol consumption , hypertriglyceridemia, duct blockage, viral infections or injury
patients often requires partially hydrolyzed nutrients or lipase

38
Q

when to the enzymes from the pancreas become active

A

when it reaches the lumen

39
Q

the liver is the

A

largest organ in the body and has 2 lobes made of lobules

40
Q

liver make

A

hypatocytes which are made for lipid digestion

41
Q

liver is the only organ to make

A

bile which is made from cholesterol

42
Q

bile synthesis nd function

A

bile is composed of bile acids and salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bile pigments in alkaline solutions
bile acts like detergent to emulsify fat

43
Q

where is bile transported

A

the gallblader

44
Q

what are the primary bile acids

A

cholic acid an dcenodeoxycholic acid

45
Q

where does lipid digestion

A

jejunam of small intestines

46
Q

where is secondary bile acids made

A

intestine

47
Q

what are thesecondary bile acids

A

deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid

48
Q

the gallbladder does what

A

concentrates and store bile

49
Q

what is a disorder of gallblader

A

gallstones (cholesterol crystals)

50
Q

the recirculation and excretion of bile

A

most bile salts are reabsorbed-enterhypatic circulation bile moves down through ileum 90 percent is released into circulation and transported back into liver and 10 percent is excreted in large intestines

51
Q

gallbladder undergoes contraction and

A

I- cells release cholecystocynase bile release through bile duct to gallbladder duct to meet common duct through sphincter of oddi

macronutrients (2 decks)

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