Quiz 1 Flashcards
what are the names of disorders caused by ulcers
dumping syndrome, zollinger Ellison syndrome
what does Zollinger-Ellson Syndrom
produces large quantities of gastrin which stimulates HCL attacks the mucosa and causes ulcers on walls on stomach
what is Peptic ulcer disease
ulcerations or erosions in mucosa and submucosa layers of the stomach, duodenum or lower esophagus
what is a common cause of peptic ulcer disease
helicobacter (H) pylori- is a bacteria that can survive in high acidity
what are other causes of peptic ulcer disease
chronic alcohol ingestion, use of NSAIDS
what can you use to treat peptic ulcer
H2 receptor blockers
dumping syndrome
caused by reduction of stomach size
hyperosmolar chime is released into the duodenum too quickly
highly acidic chyme dumped to small intestines
Fluid is drawn from blood reduces blood volume that can cause
hypertension, dizziness, nausea, abdominal pain, hypoglycemia, tachycardia
blood sugar goes up body secretes insulin cuase reduction in glucose
what are the parts of the small intestines
duodenum, jujenum, and ileum
what are the folds called in the small intestines and what do they do
Kerckring, large, circular folds of mucosa, folded into the lumen
villi
finger-like projections
what cells make up villi
enterocytes- they make up the size of the small intestines
microvilli
hair like extensions of cells plasma membranes
what is between the lumen and brush border
unstirred water layer- that is where nutrients has to cross
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
in between villi where mitosis takes place as cell # increase old cell die and fall off intestine cells are rapid turn over cell last 3-5days
Paneth cell
make antimicrobial compound, lysosome (enzyme that destroys bacteria cell wall)
Golblet Cell
secrete large amount of mucus that protect the walls of the intestines
all enzymes in small intestine only work at what pH
7-8
what gland get the body to specific pH and how
brunners gland secretes mucus and small sodium bicarbonate secretions from pancreas rich in sodium bicarbonate which is made in the duodenum
Regulation of intestinal motility and secretions
progressive contractions
segmentation contractions
neural reflexes also affected motility
migrating motility (myoelectric complex
neural reflexes also affect motility
help coordinate motility and secretions from one area to the next
Migrating motility (myoelectric complex)
series of weak contractions that sweep out intestines between meals
what are the digestive enzymes
pancreatic lipase and alpha amylase
trypsinogin is made where
pancreas
inhibitors of motility
glucagon
bile pigments
bilirubin and biliverdin
the pancreas
ductless endocrine cells that secret hormones into the blood
digestive enzymes produced by acinar exocrine cells
pancreatic juices
what do the pancreatic juices contain
water
electrolytes
bicarbonate
pancreatic digestive enzymes
islet of langchans produce hormones from a and b and d cells what hormones do those cells produce
the a cell produces glucagon
the b cell produces vega cells which creates insulin
D cells (delta cells)makes stomatostatin
75 percent of pancreas makes exocrine cells called
duct cells and acinar cells
what do duct cells do
create sodium bicarbonate
what do acinar cells do
secret digestive jucies
regulation of pancreatic secretions primary stimuli
secretin and cholecystokinin
secretin is stimulated aby
the s cells in proximal small intestine
responds to presence of acidic chyme
Cholyecystokinin is secreted by
I cells of proximal small intestine and enteric nerves and responds to presence of fat and partially digested proteins in duodenum- goes to the pancreas to release pancreatic juices
what state are the enzymes in the pancreas
inactive
what is a disorder of the pancreas
pancreatitis
pancreatitis
zygomens become activated and digest pancreatic tissue
condidtion can occur with excessive alcohol consumption , hypertriglyceridemia, duct blockage, viral infections or injury
patients often requires partially hydrolyzed nutrients or lipase
when to the enzymes from the pancreas become active
when it reaches the lumen
the liver is the
largest organ in the body and has 2 lobes made of lobules
liver make
hypatocytes which are made for lipid digestion
liver is the only organ to make
bile which is made from cholesterol
bile synthesis nd function
bile is composed of bile acids and salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bile pigments in alkaline solutions
bile acts like detergent to emulsify fat
where is bile transported
the gallblader
what are the primary bile acids
cholic acid an dcenodeoxycholic acid
where does lipid digestion
jejunam of small intestines
where is secondary bile acids made
intestine
what are thesecondary bile acids
deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid
the gallbladder does what
concentrates and store bile
what is a disorder of gallblader
gallstones (cholesterol crystals)
the recirculation and excretion of bile
most bile salts are reabsorbed-enterhypatic circulation bile moves down through ileum 90 percent is released into circulation and transported back into liver and 10 percent is excreted in large intestines
gallbladder undergoes contraction and
I- cells release cholecystocynase bile release through bile duct to gallbladder duct to meet common duct through sphincter of oddi
