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macronutrients > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main structures of the digestive tract

A

(start) oral cavity- upper digestive system
esophagus -upper digestive system
stomach -upper digestive system
(End) Small and Large intestines- Lower Digestive system

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2
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract

A

Pancreas
liver
gallblader

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3
Q

what does the digestive tract do

A

process mechanically and chemically break down the food that we consume. (degradation)

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4
Q

What are some of the layers of the lumen

A

Mucosa- inner most layer
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa-Outer most layer

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5
Q

What is the mucosa made up of

A

mucosal membrane, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa (made up of smooth muscle)

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6
Q

What is another name for the muscularis mucosa, what does it do

A

muscularis externa- made up of smooth muscle

moves the food through the digestive system via peristalsis movement

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7
Q

What are the names for peristalsis movement

A

myenteric plexus or plexus of auerbadn

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8
Q

What is myenteric plexus

A

network of nerves involved in regulating perisaltic movement

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9
Q

what type of cells is the mucosa made up of?

A

epithelial cells

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10
Q

What are epithelial cells broken down to

A

endocrine cells and exocrine cells

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11
Q

What do exocrine cells secret

A

digestive juices

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12
Q

what are Endocrine cells involved in?

A

the making of hormones that aid in the digestive system

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13
Q

What is the submucosa made up of

A

connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue and submucosal plexus

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14
Q

what is the submucosal plexus aka

A

plexus of Meissner

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15
Q

what does the plexus of Meissner do

A

blood flow to the digestive system.

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16
Q

what type of cells make up the serosa

A

flat mesothelial cells

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17
Q

what does the serosa do

A

creates mucus attached to perineal membrane

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18
Q

the perineal membrane surrounds

A

all organs around abdominal cavity and is highly vasculized and semi permeable

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19
Q

what does the oral cavity consist of

A

mouth and pharynx
salivary glands
Enzymes and saliva

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20
Q

what are the salivary glands on both sides of the mouth

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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21
Q

what type of enzyme is in the saliva

A

alpha amylase

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22
Q

what does alpha amylase do

A

starts the digestion of carbohydrates

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23
Q

can alpha amylase survive in the stomach?

A

for a very short period of time before it is destroyed by the HCL acid in the stomach

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24
Q

What is the name of the enzyme of the top of the tongue

A

lingual lipase

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25
Q

Who has a high amount of lingual lipase

A

newborns- it begins to decrease as we age

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26
Q

what doe ligual lipase do

A

helps in the digestion of triglycerides

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27
Q

What does the esophagus do

A

moves bolus from oral cavity to stomach
swallowing
peristalsis
gastroesophageal sphincter (at the bottom of the esophagus

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28
Q

Selected disorders of the esophagus

A

GERD

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29
Q

What do the salivary glands contain

A

water, electrolytes, mucos, enzymes, antibacterial and antiviral proteins, r-protein, and solutes

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30
Q

Swallowing

A

voluntary, pharyngeal, esohageal

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31
Q

Four main regions of the stomach

A

Cardia Region
Fundus
body
Antrum or distal pyloric region

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32
Q

Stomach serves as

A

resivour on the left side of the abdomen

33
Q

what occurs in the antrum or distal pyloric region of the stomach

A

food is ground up by a mechanical process and then the emptying of the stomach occurs

34
Q

what is rogae and its function

A

it is folds in the stomach that allow for stretching. you can not see them when your stomach is full

35
Q

Stomach muscles mix food with gastric juices to form

A

Chyme

36
Q

What do gastric juices facilitate

A

digestion

37
Q

What are the gastric glands in the stomach

A

cardiac glands
oxyntic glands
pyloric glands

38
Q

What are the cells in the gastric oxyntic gland

A 
neck Cells (mucus)
parietal cells (oxyntic)
chief cells (peptic or zymogenic)
enteroendocrine cells
39
Q

what are the cells in the cardiac glands

A

neck cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells

40
Q

what are the cells in the pyloric glands

A

neck cells
parietal cells
enteroendocrine cells

41
Q

what do parietal cells do

A

secrete HCL- intrinsic factor (absorbtion of vitamin B 12

42
Q

What do the chief cells do

A

secrete pepsinogin and gastric lipase- helps with digestion

43
Q

Pepsinogin is made in the chief cells in what state

A

inactive state

44
Q

what is the active form of pepsinogin

A

pepsin

45
Q

Enteroendocrine cells do what

A

create hormones that aid in the digestive process

46
Q

how much of the stomach is the antrum or distal pyloric region

A

1/3 of the stomach

47
Q

What gastric juices are produced in the stomach

A

HCL
enzymes
mucus
intrinsic factor

48
Q

what does HCL do in the digestive process

A

converts pepsinogin to pesin
denature protein
releases nutrients from organic complexes
acts as bacteriocide

49
Q

what enzymes are used in gastric juices

A

pepsin, amylase, lipase

50
Q

mucus is a gastric juice produced by what cell what is it role

A

neck cell

lines the stomach and protects it from HCL

51
Q

What is intrinsic factor

A

helps in the absorbtion of vitamin B 12

52
Q

what percent of protein is digested in stomach and what enzyme is used

A

20%

pepsin

53
Q

Gastric Lipase starts digesting

A

lipid only the 3rd carbon fatty acid in a triglyceride.

54
Q

What are the 3 phases of regulation gastric secretions

A

Cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinals phase

55
Q

What occurs in the cephalic phase

A

before the food reaches the stomach - this phase causes the activation of the vegus nerve which stimulate nerve fiber in the submucosa (plexus of meisner) causes the release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine which stimulate the G cells in stomach to release hormone gastrin which will stimulate mast cells and enterochromatin -li cells to release histamines

56
Q

What happens in the gastric phase

A

once food is in the stomach-
stomach distension enhances gastric secretions
food such as protein, alcohol

57
Q

Intestinal phase

A

after food has left the stomach

reduction in chime volume and pH trigger release of somatostatin (released into small intestine)

58
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

allows for chime to pass through stomach to the small intestines volume reduces and pH increase

59
Q

D cells make

A

somatostatin and slows down gastric secretion slows down HCL from parietal Cells

60
Q

Regulation of Gastric Motility and Gastric Emptying

A

peristaltic waves propel digestive contents
- basic electrical rhythm initiated by pacemaker cells
Gastric emptying affected by factors in stomach and duodenum
Dietary fat intake has an inhibitory effect on gastric emptying

61
Q

Selcted Disorders of stomach

A

Peptic ulcer disease

62
Q

what is the cause of peptic ulcer disease

A

ulcerations or erosions in mucosa and submucosa layers of the stomach, duodenum, or lower esophagus

63
Q

What is a common cause of peptic ulcer

A

Helicobbacter pylori (bacteria that survives in high acidity

64
Q

Other causes of peptic ulcer

A

chronic alcohol

use of NSAIDs

65
Q

What is used to treat Peptic Ulcers

A

H2 receptor blockers

66
Q

What produces larges amounts of gastrin to cause ulcer

A

Zollinger Ellison syndrome produces gastrin which stimulates HCL which then attacks mucosa and causes ulcer on the walls of the stomach

67
Q

Neck Cells secrete small amounts of

A

sodium bicarbonate

68
Q

Parietal cells produce hydrogen and chloride but they

A

do not create HCL until they leave the cells and move to the lumen (formed outside of the cell)

69
Q

Carbon dioxide and water produce

A

carbolic acid it disassociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen and moves outside the cell

70
Q

Chloride comes from the

A

plasma

71
Q

Because of the binding parietal cells is

A

stimulated and secretes HCL before food ever hits the stomach

72
Q

Acetylcholine Stimulates

A

Chief cells

73
Q

Emptying of stomach is delayed by certain types of

A

protein or carbohydrates

74
Q

osmotic pressure of chime is

A

slowed down if it is hypertonic, this can delay gastric emptying

75
Q

Chyme triggers two cells

A

s- cells

I-cells

76
Q

what hormone is secreted by the s cell

A

secretion

77
Q

what hormone is secreted by the I cell

A

CCK

78
Q

what do the s and I cell do

A

produce hormones that inhibit gastric juices and gastric emptying

macronutrients (2 decks)

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