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DI (mine) > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

RAD/Gray=

A

Absorbed dose

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2
Q

REM/Sievert

A

Dose Equivalent

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3
Q

Roentgen=

A

Exposure

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4
Q

1REM=_______milliREM

A

1000mREM

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5
Q

You receive ___mREM/day

A

1mREM/day

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6
Q

1 X-ray= ______mREM

A

10mREM

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7
Q

A person who takes radiographs is expected to receive _______rREM/year

A

300mREM

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8
Q

What does the Bremsstrahlung x-ray refer to

A

Primary source of diagnostic x-ray

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9
Q

KVP=___________ (in terms of a camera_________)
Increasing KVP means (increased/decreased)
_______energy
_______# of rays

A

QuaLity (Contrast)
Increase energy
Increase # of rays

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10
Q

mAs=_________ (in terms of a camera________)

A

QuaNtity (shutter speed)

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11
Q

What is Photoelectric effect?

A 
Primary absorbed dose
-Z^3= tissue density
Ex. Fat= Carbon-12 (C-12)
            12^3=1728
⬆️KVP=⬇️PEE
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12
Q

What is Compton Scatter?

A

Rays that are NOT absorbed
-independent of Z
No image is produced

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13
Q

Film is made out of______________crystals

⬆️ crystal size=______detail

A

Silver Halide

⬆️size= ⬇️ detail

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14
Q

What is the inverse square law?

A

It is a fraction of film distance (FD) and focal spot (FS)
If a film closer to the beam, the beam will have greater intensity
This gives you better detail without changing mAs

i1 = (d2)^2
___________ This number should be

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15
Q

What is the Heel effect?

A

The cathode side of the X-ray tube is stronger and so you will get better detail if you place the thicker part of the body on the cathode side

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16
Q

You have a film that has good contrast, but there is motion artifact. How do you fix this?

A

⬆️mAs (speed)

⬇️FD

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17
Q

What is a Pnumbra?

A

This is a shadow effect (like a comet and its tail)

The comet has good detail, the tail has poor detail

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18
Q

What is the difference between using a screen and not using a screen?

A

Screen No Screen
⬇️detail ⬆️detail
⬇️exposure ⬆️exposure
⬇️kVp/mAs ⬆️KVP/mAs

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19
Q

Grids have (increase/decrease) ___________scatter and use _______mAs.

The table-top method is used when the patient’s anatomy is________in size.

A

⬇️scatter

⬆️mAs 2-3x

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20
Q

Short KVP has (increase/decrease)_____kVp and ______mAs=______contrast and _____detail

A

⬇️KVP
⬆️mAs
⬆️contrast
⬆️detail

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21
Q

Long KVP has (increase/decrease)_____kVp and ______mAs=______contrast and _____detail

A

⬆️KVP
⬇️mAs
⬇️contrast
⬇️detail

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22
Q

How do you examine X-rays?

A 
Roentgen imaging: change seen in tissues
Location
Margin
Number
Opacity
Size 
Shape
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23
Q

What are the difference opacities?

A 
Air: black
Fat: black/grey
Fluid/soft tissue: grey
Mineral: white-grey
Metal: white
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24
Q

ALARA stands for?

A

As Low As Reasonably Possible

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25
Q

What is the Mach phenomenon?

A

This is an optical illusion that mimics a false lesion

  • false white or black lines may appear to be a lesion, these usually are seen over sharp edges of anatomy
  • ex. Lines over bone may look like a fracture
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26
Q

What is Summation

A

When 2 objects superimpose each other and appear whiter due to increased density
-usually will have a grey area for each object as normal, than a whiter area where the summation in occurring

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27
Q

What is silhouetting?

A

When 2 objects of like opacity are next to each other the boarders are lost and they appear as one object

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28
Q

What orientation should X-rays always be placed?

A
  • The animals LEFT should be placed to your RIGHT regardless of view
  • animal’s head should always be placed with their head to the left on the table
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29
Q

Break down this view: D65Pr-PaDiO

A 
D= Dorsal
65= angle from the ground to the beam
Pr= proximal
Pa= palmar
Di= distal
O= oblique
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30
Q

What does orthogonal mean?

A

90 degrees

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31
Q

What methods will you use to detect lesions?

A 
FALSE NOMS
F-function
A-alignment
L-location
S-size
E-enhancement

N-number
O-opacity
M-margins
S-shape

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32
Q

What kVp and mAs settings should you do to maximize contrast?

A

High KvP

Low mAs

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33
Q

In thoracic radiographs you should always shoot at peak (inspiration/expiration)

A

Inspiration

34
Q

In abdominal radiographs you should always shoot at peak (inspiration/expiration)

A

Expiration

35
Q

Describe horizontal beam

A
  • The animal is laying lateral and you are shooting VD/DV

- this view is used for control gas for better contrast

36
Q

Describe a compression shot

A

-using an object like a wooden spoon you can manipulate gas, fluid and tissue to enhance contrast, finding hidden anatomy or objects

37
Q

Describe a urethral shot

A

This is a special view that involved pulling the hind limbs to the body and proximally, allowing the urethra to be seen behind it

38
Q

How is a cat anatomy different then a dog?

A

Cats have:

  • more peritoneal fat
  • falciform mass (hepatic ligament)
  • smaller spleen, should never be seen ventrally= splenomegaly
  • pancreas tail can be seen in the left
  • fat within gastrointestinal wall
  • cecum= blind sac
39
Q

What is tomography?

A
  • An image that depicts a slice of anatomy

- free from super-imposition

40
Q

What is a pixel

A

A representation of an average number of voxels of tissue

41
Q

What is a voxel?

A

A value on a 3D grid

42
Q

what alternative imaging system uses Hounsfield units?

A

CT

43
Q

What is a HU?

A
  • Linear attenuated effect

- x-ray converted to a grey scale

44
Q

What is the gold standard method of diagnosis thoracic metastasis?

A

CT

45
Q

CTs use “Windows”. A long scale window is _______wide. It has (high/low) contrast. And is used for examining_________. What areas are visible?

A

1000 pixels
Low contrast
For bone
All subtle grey areas

46
Q

CTs use “Windows”. A short scale window is _______narrow. It has (high/low) _____contrast. And is used for examining_________. What areas are visible?

A

250 pixels
High contrast
For tissue
Enhances subtle differences in areas

47
Q

Referring to CT:

Black areas are termed…

A

Hypodense or hypoattenuated

48
Q

Referring to CT:

White is termed:

A

Hyperdense or hyperattenuated

49
Q

What is needed for a hyperattenuated signal?

A

Iodine contrast media

50
Q

Referring to MRI:

Black is termed:

A

Hypointensive

51
Q

Referring to MRI:

White is termed:

A

Hyperintensive

52
Q

MRI T1:
Fat=
Fluid=
Edema=

A

Fat=white
Fluid=black
Edema=black

53
Q

What is T1 MRI used for?

A

Contrast studies using GADOLINIUM

54
Q

MRI T2:
Fat=
Fluid=
Edema=

A

Grey
White
White

55
Q

What is T2 MRI used for?

A

Diagnosing pathology

56
Q

MRI STIR:
Fat=
Fluid=
Edema=

A

Black
White
White

57
Q

What is STIR used for?

A

Diagnosing fat from fluid

58
Q

MRI FLAIR:
Fat=
Fluid=
Edema=

A

White
Black
**White

59
Q

What is FLAIR used for?

A

Diagnosing fluid from edema

60
Q

What is tomography?

A
  • An image that depicts a slice of anatomy

- free from super-imposition

61
Q

What is a pixel

A

A representation of an average number of voxels of tissue

62
Q

What is a voxel?

A

A value on a 3D grid

63
Q

what alternative imaging system uses Hounsfield units?

A

CT

64
Q

What is a HU?

A
  • Linear attenuated effect

- x-ray converted to a grey scale

65
Q

What is the gold standard method of diagnosis thoracic metastasis?

A

CT

66
Q

CTs use “Windows”. A long scale window is _______wide. It has (high/low) contrast. And is used for examining_________. What areas are visible?

A

1000 pixels
Low contrast
For bone
All subtle grey areas

67
Q

CTs use “Windows”. A short scale window is _______narrow. It has (high/low) _____contrast. And is used for examining_________. What areas are visible?

A

250 pixels
High contrast
For tissue
Enhances subtle differences in areas

68
Q

Referring to CT:

Black areas are termed…

A

Hypodense or hypoattenuated

69
Q

Referring to CT:

White is termed:

A

Hyperdense or hyperattenuated

70
Q

What is needed for a hyperattenuated signal?

A

Iodine contrast media

71
Q

Referring to MRI:

Black is termed:

A

Hypointensive

72
Q

Referring to MRI:

White is termed:

A

Hyperintensive

73
Q

MRI T1:
Fat=
Fluid=
Edema=

A

Fat=white
Fluid=black
Edema=black

74
Q

What is T1 MRI used for?

A

Contrast studies using GADOLINIUM

75
Q

MRI T2:
Fat=
Fluid=
Edema=

A

Grey
White
White

76
Q

What is T2 MRI used for?

A

Diagnosing pathology

77
Q

MRI STIR:
Fat=
Fluid=
Edema=

A

Black
White
White

78
Q

What is STIR used for?

A

Diagnosing fat from fluid

79
Q

MRI FLAIR:
Fat=
Fluid=
Edema=

A

White
Black
**White

80
Q

What is FLAIR used for?

A

Diagnosing fluid from edema

DI (mine) (2 decks)

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