Final Flashcards
The crura is attached to eat vertebral segments?
L3/L4; will see and indistinct cortex (indent)
what direction is the most dependant crus?
cranial
what side does the caudal vena cava join with?
Right; of CVC is onto its a Left lateral view, if the CVC is in the back its a right lateral view
when IDing the gastric angle, the pylorus should be _____ with the ribs
parallel; if it is shifted cranial or caudal that is abnormal and indicates herniation
Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernias (PPDH) are associated with what congenital condition leading to an opening in the hiatus?
fewer then normal sternebrae; this is an incidental finding
______is when a portion of the fundus herniates from the esophageal hiatus. What clinical signs will you see?
hiatal hernia
partial upper airway obstruction esp in brachycephalic animals
What view is best to see a hiatal herniation?
Left lateral; not usually seen on RLat or VD
What is the T-L anomaly
T13 rib is missing and can be mistaken for L1; this is only clinically important as a sx landmark or for aspiration
T/F: rib fractures are frequently missed and significant
False: they are frequently missed, but rarely significant
What is the most common clinical sign for rib tumors?
pleural effusion
What are the most common types of rib tumors?
What ribs are primarily effects?
mesenchymal cell tumors
caudal ribs
what are the boarders of the mediastinum?
thoracic inlet->diaphragm not a closes cavity so there is communication with the neck and retroperitoneim
T/F: the mediastinum is fenestrated so disease is unilateral
false: usually does not contain unilateral disease
What organs are seen in the mediastinum?
- Heart
- Trachea
- CVC
- thymus
- aorta
- esophogus (slightly L-Lat)
what is the most common cause for mediastinal shift?
atelectasis; usually see displacement of the heart
how do you differentiate lung dz from atelectasis?
by heart shift:
- Opacity w/ heart shift = atelectasis
- Opacity w/o heart shift = lung dz
what are the mediastinal LN and what to they drain?
cranial mediastinal: thoracic wall, trachea, thyroid
Tracheobronchial: lungs
sternal: mammary, peritoneum
what is used to rule out mediastinal masses?
sonography
CT
cytology
What will you see with a tracheobronchial lymphomegally?
the trachea will bend ventrally and the bronchi will have “bow leg” appearance
what is the view to ID pnueumomediastinum?
what will you see on X-ray?
Later view: gas will move to upward side making structures visible.
will see air around outside of tracheal wall
what are the most common causes of mediastinal fluid?
-hemorrhage
-FIP**
esophogeal rupture
T/F: you may occasionally see small amounts of gas/fluid in right lateral views
False: left lateral
cats have a _____ appearance of their esophagus
herring bone; smooth muscle causes striations in caudal aspect
what direction will the trachea be displaced with megaesophagus?
ventral
where do you assess oesophageal motility?
caudal to the compression
what breeds are predisposed to PRAA
GSD, great danes, irish setters
what direction will the trachea be displaced w/ PRAA?
dorsal
what are the boarders of the stomach?
cranial to the last ribs->costal arch
left of the midline
what technique should be used to best view the stomach?
high mAs
low kVp
the pylorus will appear as a ______ on RLat and VD views
mass
with GDV the pylorus shifts to the ______. What other organ follows this?
right
spleen; attached via gastro splenic ligament
gastric ulcers are often associated w/ _________and are best seen by ______
carcinomas
US; double contrast
In dogs the SI should be how big in diameter?
and in cats?
2x width of rib (2x height of L2)
12mm (2x height of L4)
when assessing the GI what cannot be assessed via RADS?
motility
transit time
mucosal margins
character of wall
requires US and contrast media
what are the 3 types of contrast media for doing a GI study?
- barium sulphate power
- barium sulphate liquid
- organic iodine liquid
what is organic iodine used for specifically?
- suspect perforation
- used when there is a concern about aspiration
- w/ endoscope
you want to do a barium study. The animal is fasted for____.What are the intervals you will take each survey radiograph after the initial X-ray?
12-24hrs
- @ 15-30min post initial
- @ 30-60min post initial
- every hr till barium is in the colon
what is the normal transit time for each survey RAD?
- 15min
- 30min
- 1-2hrs
- 6hrs
15min: duodenum
30min: jejunum
1-2hr: stomach empty
6hrs: jejunum empty
what are some anomalies that are considered “normal variants” or contrast RADS
- pseudoulcers-dog
- string of pearls-cat
- fimbriation (fuzzy outter edging)
what is a mechanical ileus?
- FB
- tumor
- scarring
- hernia
- volvulus
Stacking is seen w/ _____.
mechanical ileus
fluid and gas in the lumen is more consistent with________.
mechanical ileus
sentinal loop signs are commonly seen with_____ and are associated w/______.
paralytic ileus
pancreatitis
what are “two populations”?
small bowl and bowl that is 2-3x larger in diameter
what is a “gravel sign”
foreign material due to chronic partial obstruction; looks like sand in GI
FB that classically appears as bunching, plication (think ribbon candy), COMMA
linear FB
circumferential mural lesion give a _____sign
apple core sign
eccentric mural lesion gives a ______sign
thumb print sign or tractor treds
mural lesions are associated w/ _______.
neoplasms
what disease states give off “thumb print” (tractor tred) lesions
- lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis
- parvo
- lymphoma
- eosinophilic infiltration
what side is majority of the colon on?
Left
what is a redundant colon and what is its clinical significants?
increased length of colon incidental finding no significants
what is epiglottic entrapment?
aryepiglottic folds envelope epiglottis; tip of epiglottis appears blunt, bulbous and malformed
what is dorsal displacement of the soft palate and how does it occur?
when the caudal aspect of the soft palate moves dorsal to the epiglottis.
caused by inflammation of guttural pouch->vagal palsy->flaccid paralysis of palate
Tympany is caused by:
malformed or inflamed auditory tubes creating 1 way valve
how many rads are needed to X-ray an adult horse thorax?
3-4; adult horses are limited to lateral views only
Negative contrast studies are preformed in ___________recumbancy. What contrast media is used?
- Left lateral
- air
what contrast use use to highlight non-radiopaque stones and asses the bladder wall?
double contrast
when using iodine contrast you want the osmolality to be______
close to physiologic (290mOms)
