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quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 causes to cell injury

A
  • deficiency
  • intoxication
  • trauma
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2
Q

primary deficiency

A

-lack of specific nutrient

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3
Q

Pellagra

A
  • B3 deficiency
  • inflammation of skin
  • cosals necklace
  • facial lesions
  • dementia
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4
Q

BeriBeri

A

B1 deficiency

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5
Q

secondary deficiency

A

nutrient in diet, lack of absorbtion

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6
Q

pernicious anemia

A
  • lack of RBCs
  • stomach not secreting intrinsic factor
  • autoimmune
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7
Q

exogenous toxins

A
  • infection(food contamination)
  • chemical(interfere with biochemical factors)
  • overdose of meds
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8
Q

Endogenous toxins

A
  • genetic (lack of enzyme production)

- activation of alternative pathways(phyenylketonuria, ionizing radiation, accumulation of normal body byproducts)

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9
Q

alkaptonuria

A
  • lack of alkapton oxidase

- urine turns black when exposed to air

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10
Q

ochronosis

A

alkapton overflows to tissue, specifically IVD, attraction of Ca salts causing calcification, blue ears

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11
Q

phenylketonuria

A

lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase

-brain damage at 15 cannot walk/speak

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12
Q

hyperuricemia

A

-gout
-increased uric acid in blood
2 causes:
-decreased kidney fx
-increased purine in diet

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13
Q

gouty arthritis

A

uric acid crystal build up in joints, extreme pain, cells puncture by sharp crystals, crystals release inflammation producing enzyme, usually 1st metatarsal

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14
Q

soft tissue gout

A

uric acid crystal penetrate the bursae of mainly olecranon and cartilage of proximal forearm and ears, tissue bulging

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15
Q

gouty kidney

A
  • asymptomatic
  • silent killer
  • deposits of uric acid crystals in kidney, complications 15 years later
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16
Q

Trauma- 5 ways

A
  • Direct Contact
  • Hypothermia
  • Hyperthermia
  • mechanical pressure
  • microorganisms
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17
Q

Frostbite

A

crystallization of cytoplasmic fluid, causing expansion and destruction of cells and tissues, skin turns black

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18
Q

Hyperthermia

A

fire, ionizing radiation high dose, electrical current

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19
Q

aneurysm

A

pouching of an aterial wall due to underdevelopment aterial layer, can rupture

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20
Q

Malaria

A

plasmodium malaria carried mosquito

  • enter RBCs begin maturation
  • result is mass destruction of RBCs=hemolytic anemia
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21
Q

Types of Cell Change

A
  • Functional
  • Structural Reversible
  • Structural Irreversible
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22
Q

Consequence of cell injury

A

-morphological and functional damage, either causing the other

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23
Q

Types of Functional Reversible

A
  • Cell and Tissue Accumulation
  • adaptive responses to cell change
  • inadequate neuro stimulus
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24
Q

Cell and Tissue Accumulation

A
  • hydropic change
  • fatty change
  • residual bodies
  • hyaline change (intracellular and intercellular)
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25
Q

Hydropic change

A
  • cell unable to produce ATP(mitochondrial damage)
  • NA/K pump unable to function and Na accumulates in cell increasing osmotic pressure
  • cell swells with water
  • vaculues try to separate into pieces
  • cell becomes cloudy
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26
Q

portal vein hypertension

A

-obstruction of liver vascular due to cell accumulation

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27
Q

Fatty Change

A

aka steatosis

  • accumulation of triacylglycerides in parenchymal cells
  • take up room in the cell inhibiting function
  • liver, kidney, heart
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28
Q

causes of fatty change

A
  • protein malnutrition
  • intoxication(alcohol)
  • anoxia
  • obesity
  • diabetes mellitus
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29
Q

Residual bodies

A

scar/fragment of cell damage

  • lysosomes attempt to break down as much of the damaged cell as possible but residual bodies remain
  • liver, kidney, nervous
30
Q

Lipofuscin

A

most common residual body, parts of sub-cellular membranes which are indigestible, pigment of aging

31
Q

Hyaline Changes

A

-accumulation of pink glass like protein, resembling hyaline cartilage

32
Q

Intracellular hyaline changes

A
  • reabsorbtion droplets
  • mallory alcoholic
  • russel bodies
  • dutcher bodies
33
Q

Reabsorbtion droplets

A
  • within renal proximal tubules

- abnormal protein loss in the urine that tubules attempt to reabsorb

34
Q

Nephritic syndrome

A

minimal change disease

  • protein is deposited within the cells of the distal convoluted tubule
  • once excess protein excretion stops the cells will release the deposited protein
35
Q

Mallory Alcoholic hyaline (mallory bodies)

A
  • found in liver- hepatocytes

- result from overconsumption of alcohol, is reversible with change in drinking habits

36
Q

Russell bodies

A
  • intracytoplasmic accumulation of proteins in plasma cells

- multiple myeloma-malignant condition, uncontrolled proliferation and disorder function of plasma cells in bone marrow

37
Q

Dutcher bodies

A

-intranuclear accumulation of proteins
-identified monoclonal tumors
-

38
Q

waldenstrom macroglobulinemia aka lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma

A
  • characterized by hyperviscosity of the blood, due to overproduction of IgM antibodies
  • hyperviscosity syndrome
39
Q

Intercellular change

A
  • extracellular accumulation
  • structural irreversible
  • hyaline ateriosclerosis
  • amyloidosis
40
Q

Hyaline ateriosclerosis

A
  • type of intercellular hyaline change
  • hardening of arterioles due to hyaline (protein) accumulation
  • causes arterioles to become brittle and/or obstructive
41
Q

Lacunar infarction

A
  • hyaline ateriosclerosis in brain

- thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus

42
Q

parenchymal (intracerebral) hemorrhagic stroke

A

rupture of hardened

43
Q

Types of Functional Reversible cell change

A
  • Cell and Tissue Accumulation
  • adaptive responses to cell change
  • inadequate neuro stimulus
44
Q

parenchymal (intracerebral) hemorrhagic stroke

A
  • type of hyaline ateriosclerosis
  • rupture of hardened arterioles,
  • causes hypertension
45
Q

Amyloidosis

A
  • type of structural irreversible
  • extracellular accumulation
  • generic term for variety of protein materials abnormally deposited in tissue
  • mainly autoimmune
  • deposits found between cells of brain, liver, kidney, skin
  • idiopathic
  • kidney most vulerable, extreme proteinuremia
46
Q

Functional Reversible/ Adaptive Responses to cell change

A
  • alternative metabolism
  • altered size
  • inadequate neurological stimulus
  • inadequate hormone stimulus
47
Q

Alternative metabolism

A
  • type of functional reversible
  • cells use alternative pathways in order to obtain ATP
  • otherwise the body will breakdown fat, then protein for energy
48
Q

oxphos- ?ATP

Anaerobic glycolysis- ?ATP

A
  • 32 ATP

- 2

49
Q

Hypertrophy

A
  • organ/cell enlargement due to increased demand
  • not increase # of cells
  • functional reversible
50
Q

Hypertension

A
  • heart muscle hypertrophy
  • increases demand
  • functional reversible
51
Q

atrophy

A

cell/organ shrinkage due to decreased demand

-functional reversible

52
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • disuse atrophy
  • combination of disuse and hormone imbalance (decreased androgens)
  • major locations ribs, vert body, femur neck, wrist)
  • adaptive (functional reversible)
53
Q

pressure atrophy

A
  • cell/tissue compressed or nerve supply compressed
  • ex. kidney stones
  • adaptive (functional reversible)
54
Q

poliomyelitis

A
  • inadequate neuro stim
  • viral/contagious
  • decreased motor function
  • atrophy of skeletal muscles bc lack of stimulus from CNS
  • prevention with vaccination only
  • functional reversible
55
Q

hoshimotos

A
  • inadequate hormone stimulus, functional reversible
  • autoimmune, ultra-antibodies attach to TSH and thyroid not stimulated
  • thyroid atrophies
  • discovered 1913
56
Q

graves disease

A
  • functional reversible
  • antibodies that act like TSH causing overstim
  • hyperplasia of thyroid
  • exopthalamos- eye bulging
57
Q

Structural Reversible

A

-cell is damaged but nucleus is intact, cell survives

-

58
Q

examples of structural reversible

A
  • loss of ribosomes
  • damage/swellling to mitochondria
  • blebs
  • myelin figures
59
Q

bleb

A
  • pouching of cell membrane, bulge of cytoplasm

- 1-2 reversible, 3+ irreversible

60
Q

myelin figure

A

-dissection of cell membrane

1-2 reversible, 3+ irreversible

61
Q

structural irreversible

A

-destruction of nucleus, cell death

62
Q

karyolysis

A

melting/dissoluition of nucleus

63
Q

pyknosis

A

condensing/skrinkage of nucleus

64
Q

karyorrhexis

A

-fragmented/segmented nucleus

65
Q

necrosis

A
  • death of cells or tissues thru injury or disease, localized
  • condition of cell death
  • necrotic tissue normally digested by cell lysosome enzymes, expelled upon cell injury
66
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A
  • implies preservation of basic outline of coagulated cells for a span of some days
  • most common type
  • size, shape, strength preserved
  • denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins
  • breakdown of organelles
  • cell swelling
67
Q

myocardial infarction

A
  • ex of coagulative necrosis
  • occurs due to lack oxy/blood supply to heart
  • cells maintain strength to prevent rupture of the heart against normal BP
68
Q

infarct

A

zone of necrosis due to deficiency of O2/blood supply to the heart

  • result of infarction
  • loss of muscle fiber detail
69
Q

white infarct

A
  • white
  • develops in tissue with only one blood supply
  • heart, spleen
70
Q

red infarct

A
  • develops in tissue with at least a dual blood supply

- lung, liver, intestine

71
Q

Liquefaction necrosis

A
  • complete digestion of dead cells, resulting in transformation of these tissues into a liquid viscous mass
  • can occur often in CNS
72
Q

ischemic stroke(infarction)

A
  • liquefaction necrosis
  • brain tissue under goes liquefaction
  • 6 months for brain to remove necrotic tissue
  • cavitation (holes) results which fill with CSF and white tissue

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