quiz 1 Flashcards
3 causes to cell injury
- deficiency
- intoxication
- trauma
primary deficiency
-lack of specific nutrient
Pellagra
- B3 deficiency
- inflammation of skin
- cosals necklace
- facial lesions
- dementia
BeriBeri
B1 deficiency
secondary deficiency
nutrient in diet, lack of absorbtion
pernicious anemia
- lack of RBCs
- stomach not secreting intrinsic factor
- autoimmune
exogenous toxins
- infection(food contamination)
- chemical(interfere with biochemical factors)
- overdose of meds
Endogenous toxins
- genetic (lack of enzyme production)
- activation of alternative pathways(phyenylketonuria, ionizing radiation, accumulation of normal body byproducts)
alkaptonuria
- lack of alkapton oxidase
- urine turns black when exposed to air
ochronosis
alkapton overflows to tissue, specifically IVD, attraction of Ca salts causing calcification, blue ears
phenylketonuria
lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase
-brain damage at 15 cannot walk/speak
hyperuricemia
-gout
-increased uric acid in blood
2 causes:
-decreased kidney fx
-increased purine in diet
gouty arthritis
uric acid crystal build up in joints, extreme pain, cells puncture by sharp crystals, crystals release inflammation producing enzyme, usually 1st metatarsal
soft tissue gout
uric acid crystal penetrate the bursae of mainly olecranon and cartilage of proximal forearm and ears, tissue bulging
gouty kidney
- asymptomatic
- silent killer
- deposits of uric acid crystals in kidney, complications 15 years later
Trauma- 5 ways
- Direct Contact
- Hypothermia
- Hyperthermia
- mechanical pressure
- microorganisms
Frostbite
crystallization of cytoplasmic fluid, causing expansion and destruction of cells and tissues, skin turns black
Hyperthermia
fire, ionizing radiation high dose, electrical current
aneurysm
pouching of an aterial wall due to underdevelopment aterial layer, can rupture
Malaria
plasmodium malaria carried mosquito
- enter RBCs begin maturation
- result is mass destruction of RBCs=hemolytic anemia
Types of Cell Change
- Functional
- Structural Reversible
- Structural Irreversible
Consequence of cell injury
-morphological and functional damage, either causing the other
Types of Functional Reversible
- Cell and Tissue Accumulation
- adaptive responses to cell change
- inadequate neuro stimulus
Cell and Tissue Accumulation
- hydropic change
- fatty change
- residual bodies
- hyaline change (intracellular and intercellular)
Hydropic change
- cell unable to produce ATP(mitochondrial damage)
- NA/K pump unable to function and Na accumulates in cell increasing osmotic pressure
- cell swells with water
- vaculues try to separate into pieces
- cell becomes cloudy
portal vein hypertension
-obstruction of liver vascular due to cell accumulation
Fatty Change
aka steatosis
- accumulation of triacylglycerides in parenchymal cells
- take up room in the cell inhibiting function
- liver, kidney, heart
causes of fatty change
- protein malnutrition
- intoxication(alcohol)
- anoxia
- obesity
- diabetes mellitus
Residual bodies
scar/fragment of cell damage
- lysosomes attempt to break down as much of the damaged cell as possible but residual bodies remain
- liver, kidney, nervous
Lipofuscin
most common residual body, parts of sub-cellular membranes which are indigestible, pigment of aging
Hyaline Changes
-accumulation of pink glass like protein, resembling hyaline cartilage
Intracellular hyaline changes
- reabsorbtion droplets
- mallory alcoholic
- russel bodies
- dutcher bodies
Reabsorbtion droplets
- within renal proximal tubules
- abnormal protein loss in the urine that tubules attempt to reabsorb
Nephritic syndrome
minimal change disease
- protein is deposited within the cells of the distal convoluted tubule
- once excess protein excretion stops the cells will release the deposited protein
Mallory Alcoholic hyaline (mallory bodies)
- found in liver- hepatocytes
- result from overconsumption of alcohol, is reversible with change in drinking habits
Russell bodies
- intracytoplasmic accumulation of proteins in plasma cells
- multiple myeloma-malignant condition, uncontrolled proliferation and disorder function of plasma cells in bone marrow
Dutcher bodies
-intranuclear accumulation of proteins
-identified monoclonal tumors
-
waldenstrom macroglobulinemia aka lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
- characterized by hyperviscosity of the blood, due to overproduction of IgM antibodies
- hyperviscosity syndrome
Intercellular change
- extracellular accumulation
- structural irreversible
- hyaline ateriosclerosis
- amyloidosis
Hyaline ateriosclerosis
- type of intercellular hyaline change
- hardening of arterioles due to hyaline (protein) accumulation
- causes arterioles to become brittle and/or obstructive
Lacunar infarction
- hyaline ateriosclerosis in brain
- thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus
parenchymal (intracerebral) hemorrhagic stroke
rupture of hardened
Types of Functional Reversible cell change
- Cell and Tissue Accumulation
- adaptive responses to cell change
- inadequate neuro stimulus
parenchymal (intracerebral) hemorrhagic stroke
- type of hyaline ateriosclerosis
- rupture of hardened arterioles,
- causes hypertension
Amyloidosis
- type of structural irreversible
- extracellular accumulation
- generic term for variety of protein materials abnormally deposited in tissue
- mainly autoimmune
- deposits found between cells of brain, liver, kidney, skin
- idiopathic
- kidney most vulerable, extreme proteinuremia
Functional Reversible/ Adaptive Responses to cell change
- alternative metabolism
- altered size
- inadequate neurological stimulus
- inadequate hormone stimulus
Alternative metabolism
- type of functional reversible
- cells use alternative pathways in order to obtain ATP
- otherwise the body will breakdown fat, then protein for energy
oxphos- ?ATP
Anaerobic glycolysis- ?ATP
- 32 ATP
- 2
Hypertrophy
- organ/cell enlargement due to increased demand
- not increase # of cells
- functional reversible
Hypertension
- heart muscle hypertrophy
- increases demand
- functional reversible
atrophy
cell/organ shrinkage due to decreased demand
-functional reversible
osteoporosis
- disuse atrophy
- combination of disuse and hormone imbalance (decreased androgens)
- major locations ribs, vert body, femur neck, wrist)
- adaptive (functional reversible)
pressure atrophy
- cell/tissue compressed or nerve supply compressed
- ex. kidney stones
- adaptive (functional reversible)
poliomyelitis
- inadequate neuro stim
- viral/contagious
- decreased motor function
- atrophy of skeletal muscles bc lack of stimulus from CNS
- prevention with vaccination only
- functional reversible
hoshimotos
- inadequate hormone stimulus, functional reversible
- autoimmune, ultra-antibodies attach to TSH and thyroid not stimulated
- thyroid atrophies
- discovered 1913
graves disease
- functional reversible
- antibodies that act like TSH causing overstim
- hyperplasia of thyroid
- exopthalamos- eye bulging
Structural Reversible
-cell is damaged but nucleus is intact, cell survives
-
examples of structural reversible
- loss of ribosomes
- damage/swellling to mitochondria
- blebs
- myelin figures
bleb
- pouching of cell membrane, bulge of cytoplasm
- 1-2 reversible, 3+ irreversible
myelin figure
-dissection of cell membrane
1-2 reversible, 3+ irreversible
structural irreversible
-destruction of nucleus, cell death
karyolysis
melting/dissoluition of nucleus
pyknosis
condensing/skrinkage of nucleus
karyorrhexis
-fragmented/segmented nucleus
necrosis
- death of cells or tissues thru injury or disease, localized
- condition of cell death
- necrotic tissue normally digested by cell lysosome enzymes, expelled upon cell injury
Coagulative necrosis
- implies preservation of basic outline of coagulated cells for a span of some days
- most common type
- size, shape, strength preserved
- denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins
- breakdown of organelles
- cell swelling
myocardial infarction
- ex of coagulative necrosis
- occurs due to lack oxy/blood supply to heart
- cells maintain strength to prevent rupture of the heart against normal BP
infarct
zone of necrosis due to deficiency of O2/blood supply to the heart
- result of infarction
- loss of muscle fiber detail
white infarct
- white
- develops in tissue with only one blood supply
- heart, spleen
red infarct
- develops in tissue with at least a dual blood supply
- lung, liver, intestine
Liquefaction necrosis
- complete digestion of dead cells, resulting in transformation of these tissues into a liquid viscous mass
- can occur often in CNS
ischemic stroke(infarction)
- liquefaction necrosis
- brain tissue under goes liquefaction
- 6 months for brain to remove necrotic tissue
- cavitation (holes) results which fill with CSF and white tissue
