quiz 1 Flashcards
what are the 3 areas of the frontal lobe that are involved in motor movement
- primary motor cortex (occupying the pre central gyrus)
- premotor cortex
- supplemental motor area
What are association cortices?
- any expansion of the cerebral cortex that is not sensory or motor in the customary sense
- instead it is associated with advanced stages of sensory information processing, multi sensory integration, or sensorimotor integration
AKA ASSOCIATION AREA
4 motor areas of speech
- primary motor area (precentral gyrus)
- premotor cortex
- supplementary motor area
- broca’s area
location of the premotor area
anterior to the primary motor cortex
functions of the premotor area
- ORGANIZATION of movements before they are initiated
- rhythmic coordination of movements (transitions between sequential movements of a serial motor skill…ex. piano playing)
- control of movement based on observation of a noter person’s performing a skill (LEARNED skills)
location of supplemental motor area
medial surface of frontal lobe adjacent to portions of the primary motor cortex
functions of supplemental motor cortex
- involvement in the control of movements
- sequential movements
- preparation and organization of movement
location of brocas area
inferior third frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe
function of brocas area
-vocalization program is formed and transmitted to mms of the face, tongue, VFS, and pharynx in order to form speech
brocas area representation
par opercularis and pars triangular is of the inferior frontal gyrus
location of the primary motor cortex
posterior part of the frontal lobe
functions of the primary motor cortex
- allow conscious control of precise, skilled and voluntary movements
- entire body is represented by this cortex (homunculus)
where does the primary motor cortex receive motor impulses from?
the subcortex (basal nuclei and thalamus) and cerebellum
How does the primary motor cortex receive motor impulses?
long axons extend from the cortex to the lower end of the spinal cord
=the direct and pyramidal motor system
functions of the brain stem
-controls the body systems vital for life such as
- breathing
- blood pressure
- sleep
- waking
- balance
- swallowing
- vomiting
how many cranial nerves is the brainstem associated with?
10 out of 12
functions of the mid brain
- visual and auditory reflexes
- orienting references
functions of the pons
- relay of information from the cochlea and vestibular apparatus
- control of movement and sensation for the face
functions of the medulla
- integration of breathing and swallowing
- control of respiration
- control of blood pressure
- control of cortical arousal
cerebral peduncles
two bulging structures of the midbrain that contain descending motor tracts
subtanstia nigra
large area with dark pigments in the midbrain that helps control subconscious mms activities
-loss of neurons here is association with PD
red nucleus
-part of the midbrain that helps control voluntary movements of the limbs
what cranial nerves are contained in the midbrain
III and IV
describe the fibers of the pons
- they connect higher and lower brain centers
- relay motor impulses between the motor cortex and there cerebellum
describe the cardiovascular control center of the medulla oblongata
-adjusts force and rate of heart contraction and blood vessel diameter to…..regulate blood pressure
describe the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata
-along with the pons, it controls rate and depth of breathing
other functions of the medulla oblongata
- regulates vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing
- contains cranial nerves IX-XII
location of the medulla
most inferior part of the brainstem
features of the medulla
- PYRAMIDS (2 longitudinal ridges formed by the corticospinal tracts)
- decussation of the pyramids (crossover points of the corticospinal tracts)
2 primary functions of the cerebellum
- adjusting the postural mms of the body
- coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments that maintain balance and equilibrium - programming and fine-tuning movements controlled at the subconscious and conscious levels
subcortical grey matter areas
- basal nuclei (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, striatum
- substantia nigra
- thalamus
subcortical areas of the brain that play a primary role in motor function
-basal nuclei (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidius)
what are the basal nuclei?
- three nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere
- caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidius
- they help initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulate mms tone
function of the thalamus
- relays info to the cerebral cortex received from diverse brain areas
- is a large mass of subcortical grey matter (one of either side of the midline)
