QUIZ 1 Flashcards
Branch of Natural science deals with the study of the Earth
GEOLOGY
is also known as Earth science.
GEOLOGY
Geologists study the _____ to determine whether it is stable enough to support the
proposed project
land
APPLICATIONS OF GEOLOGY
-MAPPING
-EXPLORATION
-PROJECT PLANNING
-SURFACE WATER
-GROUND WATER
-SLOPE STABILITY
-GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
-TUNNELING
-EARTHQUAKES
The engineering geologist has to prepare a geological map of the area based on aerial photo and
satellite imagery interpretation and field observation. Subsurface geological features are also mapped
MAPPING
In this stage the engineering geologist explore the area based on exploration techniques. The
engineering geologist works from the planning stage. Supervise the exploration works and record he
data for further interpretation.
EXPLORATION
is the most important aspect in civil engineering. The civil engineer plans the various
stages. The engineering geologists plans and prepares geologic feasibility and developmental
parameters reports, which are useful to the civil engineer for planning the project schedule.
PROJECT PLANNING
The engineering geologist and the civil engineer together prepare _______ mapping. Both study
the volume of total runoff, drainage basin characteristics and sedimentary process in the basin.
SURFACE WATER
r is the major problem in the majority of civil engineering works. The engineering
geologist studies in detail the occurrence, movement, structural controls and hydro geological
properties of the rocks.
GROUND WATER
Geological parameters of possible slide regions are studied
SLOPE STABILITY
Field investigation is carried out for selection of a suitable area.
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
Detailed surface-subsurface studies are conducted and surface and subsurface maps are prepared.
The engineering geologist and the civil engineer conduct in-site tests for foundation materials,
supervise the construction methods and monitor the structure after completion of the work.
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
The tunnel site selected is based on a detailed study of the region. The civil engineer and the geologist
have to conduct in-site tests for estimation of weathered zone thickness, depth of hard rock, structural
features etc
TUNNELING
The engineering geologist studies the seismic nature of the project site. He examines the seismic
zoning map of the country, evaluates active and inactive faults and keeps the historical record of the
earthquake of the region in which the civil engineer will prepare a seismic design of structure.
EARTHQUAKES
_______ provides a systematic knowledge of construction material, its occurrence,
composition, durability and other properties.
geology
BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
- Physical Geology
-Cristallography
-Mineralogy
-Petrology
-Historical Geology
-Economic Geology
-Mining Geology
-Geology Engineering
-Geohydrology
The knowledge of the geological work of natural agencies such as ________________________________helps in planning and carrying out major civil engineering works.
water, wind, ice and
earthquakes
It is concerned with “various processes of physical agents such as wind, water, glaciers, and
sea waves,” which are constantly modifying the Earth
Physical Geology
deals with the study of crystal structures. It plays a vital role in recognizing minerals
Crystallography
concerned with the origin, composition, properties and structure of minerals.
Mineralogy
the study of rocks and the processes that form and transform them
Petrology
examines the vastness of geologic time, measured in billions of years, and
investigates changes in the Earth, gradual and sudden, over this deep time.
Historical Geology
Deals with Earth materials that can be used for economic or industrial development purposes.
Economic Geology
This branch of geology deals with the study of application of geology to mining engineering in
such a way that selection of suitable sites for quarrying and mines can be determined.
Mining Geology
It deals with all the geological problems that arise in the field of civil engineering along with
suitable treatments.
Geology Engineering
The study of movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and of the planets,
including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability
Hydrology
is only the fifth largest planet in the solar system, it is the only world in our solar system
with liquid water on the surface
Earth
The name Earth is a Germanic word, which simply means “_______”
the ground.
The structure of the earth is divided into four major components:
the crust, the mantle, the outer
core, and the inner core.
” describes the outermost shell of a terrestrial planet
Crust
Earth’s crust is generally divided into
older, thicker continental crust
younger, denser oceanic crust
convergent boundaries occur when a tectonic plate primarily composed of oceanic lithosphere
collides with a plate with continental lithosphere.
OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL
the outermost layer of
Earth’s lithosphere makes up the planet’s continents and continental shelves and formed near
subduction zones at plate boundaries between continental and oceanic tectonic plates.
CONTINENTAL CRUST
sits between Earth’s dense, very hot core and its thin outer layer, the crust
Mantle
plays an important role in the evolution of the crust and provides the thermal
and mechanical driving forces for plate tectonics
Mantle
extends from the crust to a depth of about 410 kilometers (255 miles). The
_____ is mostly solid, but its more malleable regions contribute to tectonic activity.
upper mantle
Two parts of the upper mantle are often recognized as distinct regions in Earth’s interior:
the
lithosphere and the asthenosphere.
called the asthenosphere and it is softer and weaker,
particularly in its upper portion where a small amount of melting can occur.
lower mantle
starts around 5,000 km below the surface of the planet, and is thought to be made of solid iron and nickel, due to the extreme pressure forcing the atoms of the metal to
pack together.
inner core
The core is made of two layers
INNER CORE
OUTER CORE
The boundary separating inner and outer core regions is called
Bullen discontinuity
Earth’s core is responsible for the generation of Earth’s ______________
magnetic field
The southern part of the supercontinent comprising the Africa, Antarctica,
Australia, South America.
GONDWANALAND
-This theory states that all the continents were once one large landmass that broke down apart, and
where the pieces moved slowly to their current locations.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
continents
were once part of a large landmass called
PANGEA
2 PARTS OF THE PANGEA
LAURASIA and
GONDWANALAND
During
the Jurassic period, the Pangea began to split into two smaller supercontinents called
LAURASIA and
GONDWANALAND
The northern part of the supercontinent comprising the Europe, North America,
and Asia
LAURASIA
Geologic process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor while pushing old rocks
away from the mid ocean ridge
SEA FLOOR SPREADING
a sounding gear helpful for exploring and mapping the ocean floor with the use of sound waves.
SONAR
A theory that combines the idea of continental drift and sea floor spreading
PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result
of Earth’s subterranean movements
PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
According to this theory, the lithosphere is broken up into section or pieces that move on top of
the liquid mantle (asthenosphere).
PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
PLATES ON EARTH
Major plates
Intermediate plates
Eurasian, African, Australian- Indian, North America, Pacific, Antarctica,
and South America
MAJOR PLATES
Caribbean, Cocoa, Nazca, Arabian, Philippine, Juan de Fuca, and
Scotia.
INTERMEDIATE PLATES
Areas in which tectonic plate meets
PLATE BOUNDARY
All tectonic plates share boundaries with other tectonic plates
PLATE BOUNDARY
Type of plate boundaries
- DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
- CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
- TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARIES
The type of boundary depends on how the tectonic plates move relative to one another.
PLATE BOUNDARY
- the two plates move away from each other. Sea floor spreading happens.
DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
two plates slide or grind past each other without diverging or converging.
TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARIES
- The two plates move toward each other.
CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
CRUST
UPPER MANTLE
LOWER MANTLE
OUTER CORE
INNER CORE
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH BASED ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
LITHOSPHERE
ASTHENOSPHERE
MESOSPHERE
OUTER CORE
INNER CORE
