QUIZ 1 Flashcards
METHODS OF KNOWING
INTUITION (common sense)
TENACITY (repetition)
AUTHORITY (teachers, parents, not self-correcting
RATIONALISM (reason/logic)
EMPIRICISM (observation/experience)
SCIENTIFIC METHOD (self-correcting, blend of rationalism & empiricism)
Understanding Science
Tests empirical questions (must be falsifiable, uses control)
Uses systematic empiricism (follows natural world order)
Creates public knowledge (replication, self-correction, can fix mistakes)
Goals of Science
Conducted to Describe, Predict, and Explain (causes)
Basic Research
Knowledge for the sake of knowledge
Applied Research
How can we take _____ to do ______
Solve a problem/answer a particular question
Origins of Experimental Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt established the Field of Experimental Psychology
Experimental psych started in 1879 when the first laboratory was created in Leipzig Germany
First journal: Journal of Philosophical Studies
First PhD in Experimental Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
Interested in elements of thought
Used introspection: look within yourself, thought, experience, sensation
Learned thought takes around 100 miliseconds
Characteristics of Experimental Methods
Systematic Manipulation of Variable(s) DV
and Careful Measurement of Other
Variable(s) IV using appropriate controls
Can be used to Determine Cause and
Effect
Types of Articles in Research Literature
Empirical Research Reports: has a result section, a study testing a particular hypothesis
Review Articles: reviewing evidence for a particular theory
Theoretical Articles: reviewing evidence for a particular theory
Meta-Analysis: primary statistical, taking previous articles and reanalyzing their statistics
Peer Review Process
Single-Blind Process: author does not know who the reviewers are, reviewers are protected
Double-Blind Process: author does not know who the reviewer is and vice versa
Theories vs. Hypotheses
Theory: set of general principles that can be used to explain observations and predict outcomes (explanatory and productive)
Hypothesis: tentative statement about the outcome of a study. Must be Testable, Logical (relies on natural principles), and Positive (has a cause and effect)
Progression of Science: Thomas Kunh
Thomas Kuhn (1970): The Structure of Scientific revolutions, says science has gone through revolutions
Progression of Science: Normal Science
all scientists work with shared tools, beliefs, and assumptions about the world (ex. psych)
Progression of Science: Paradigm Shift
rare but dramatic shift in the world, different set of assumptions (ex. going from flat earth to round earth, Wilhelm Wundt)
Moral Principles of Research
- Benefits should outweigh the risks (for PT, the field, and society)
- Act Responsibly and with integrity
- Seek justice (Tuskegee study)
- Respect people’s rights and dignity
Full Disclosure vs Deception
relationship between researcher and PT should be as open and truthful as possible
if deception is used, that is explained at the end of study (debrief: true purpose of experiment)
deception should never influence a subjects decision to participate
Principles of Informed Consent
Given Freely, right to withdraw, all procedures explained, chance to ask questions, potential risks and benefits made clear, anonymity (where possible) & confidentiality
Levels of Protection
- Federal or state gov: testing on animals
- Institutions: Institutional Review Board (IRB), oversight board at all institutions & places who do research. Can be exempt (no formal approval), expedited (2-3 board members oversee research) or greater than minimal risk (goes to full board)
- Professional Organizations: APA code of conduct, 150 standards primarily for clinical practice (do therapy ethically), Standard B: research and publication where you don’t plagiarize and do give authors credit
Types of Fraud in Research
Fabrication of data (give data to back up study or look good to receive grants), Plagiarism, Misuse of statistics
Safeguards Against Fraud
Peer Review: process paper goes through
Replication: Replicate study
Use of Animals in Research: Utilitarian Argument
wants equity for all species based on the capacity to suffer, animals interests to be weighed equally with human interests, conditional prohibition against animal research (can occasionally test animals)
Use of Animals in Research: Rights Argument
non-human animals have preferences, desires, beliefs, memories, emotions and a sense of their own future therefore they have inherent rights
ABSOLUTE prohibition against animal research
Reasons for including animals in psychological research
interest in animals for their own sake, study of evolution, certain processes are especially useful (makes animals good subjects), similar underlying mechanisms, some work would be unethical on humans
