QUIZ 1

Question 1

METHODS OF KNOWING

Answer 1

INTUITION (common sense)
TENACITY (repetition)
AUTHORITY (teachers, parents, not self-correcting
RATIONALISM (reason/logic)
EMPIRICISM (observation/experience)
SCIENTIFIC METHOD (self-correcting, blend of rationalism & empiricism)

Question 2

Understanding Science

Answer 2

Tests empirical questions (must be falsifiable, uses control)

Uses systematic empiricism (follows natural world order)

Creates public knowledge (replication, self-correction, can fix mistakes)

Question 3

Goals of Science

Answer 3

Conducted to Describe, Predict, and Explain (causes)

Question 4

Basic Research

Answer 4

Knowledge for the sake of knowledge

Question 5

Applied Research

Answer 5

How can we take _____ to do ______

Solve a problem/answer a particular question

Question 6

Origins of Experimental Psychology

Answer 6

Wilhelm Wundt established the Field of Experimental Psychology
Experimental psych started in 1879 when the first laboratory was created in Leipzig Germany
First journal: Journal of Philosophical Studies
First PhD in Experimental Psychology

Question 7

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 7

Interested in elements of thought
Used introspection: look within yourself, thought, experience, sensation
Learned thought takes around 100 miliseconds

Question 8

Characteristics of Experimental Methods

Answer 8

Systematic Manipulation of Variable(s) DV
and Careful Measurement of Other
Variable(s) IV using appropriate controls

Can be used to Determine Cause and
Effect

Question 9

Types of Articles in Research Literature

Answer 9

Empirical Research Reports: has a result section, a study testing a particular hypothesis

Review Articles: reviewing evidence for a particular theory

Theoretical Articles: reviewing evidence for a particular theory

Meta-Analysis: primary statistical, taking previous articles and reanalyzing their statistics

Question 10

Peer Review Process

Answer 10

Single-Blind Process: author does not know who the reviewers are, reviewers are protected

Double-Blind Process: author does not know who the reviewer is and vice versa

Question 11

Theories vs. Hypotheses

Answer 11

Theory: set of general principles that can be used to explain observations and predict outcomes (explanatory and productive)

Hypothesis: tentative statement about the outcome of a study. Must be Testable, Logical (relies on natural principles), and Positive (has a cause and effect)

Question 12

Progression of Science: Thomas Kunh

Answer 12

Thomas Kuhn (1970): The Structure of Scientific revolutions, says science has gone through revolutions

Question 13

Progression of Science: Normal Science

Answer 13

all scientists work with shared tools, beliefs, and assumptions about the world (ex. psych)

Question 14

Progression of Science: Paradigm Shift

Answer 14

rare but dramatic shift in the world, different set of assumptions (ex. going from flat earth to round earth, Wilhelm Wundt)

Question 15

Moral Principles of Research

Answer 15

1. Benefits should outweigh the risks (for PT, the field, and society)
2. Act Responsibly and with integrity
3. Seek justice (Tuskegee study)
4. Respect people’s rights and dignity

Question 16

Full Disclosure vs Deception

Answer 16

relationship between researcher and PT should be as open and truthful as possible

if deception is used, that is explained at the end of study (debrief: true purpose of experiment)

deception should never influence a subjects decision to participate

Question 17

Principles of Informed Consent

Answer 17

Given Freely, right to withdraw, all procedures explained, chance to ask questions, potential risks and benefits made clear, anonymity (where possible) & confidentiality

Question 18

Levels of Protection

Answer 18

1. Federal or state gov: testing on animals
2. Institutions: Institutional Review Board (IRB), oversight board at all institutions & places who do research. Can be exempt (no formal approval), expedited (2-3 board members oversee research) or greater than minimal risk (goes to full board)
3. Professional Organizations: APA code of conduct, 150 standards primarily for clinical practice (do therapy ethically), Standard B: research and publication where you don’t plagiarize and do give authors credit

Question 19

Types of Fraud in Research

Answer 19

Fabrication of data (give data to back up study or look good to receive grants), Plagiarism, Misuse of statistics

Question 20

Safeguards Against Fraud

Answer 20

Peer Review: process paper goes through
Replication: Replicate study

Question 21

Use of Animals in Research: Utilitarian Argument

Answer 21

wants equity for all species based on the capacity to suffer, animals interests to be weighed equally with human interests, conditional prohibition against animal research (can occasionally test animals)

Question 22

Use of Animals in Research: Rights Argument

Answer 22

non-human animals have preferences, desires, beliefs, memories, emotions and a sense of their own future therefore they have inherent rights

ABSOLUTE prohibition against animal research

Question 23

Reasons for including animals in psychological research

Answer 23

interest in animals for their own sake, study of evolution, certain processes are especially useful (makes animals good subjects), similar underlying mechanisms, some work would be unethical on humans