Quiz 1 Flashcards
In Athens of Ancient Greece, approximately ___ BCE marked the birth of philosophy
600
These philosophers observed changed in the world and wanted to explain these changes by understanding the laws of nature. Their study of change led them to the ______ ?
Idea of permanence
None can surpass the popularity of the big three. These were ___, ____ and ___.
Socrates, Plato and Aristotle
a) ___ was the mentor of Plato. and Plato was the mentor of b)______
a) Socrates
b) Aristotle
Athenians settle arguments by discussion and debate. People skilled in doing this were called ____ the first teacher of the west.
Sophists
Sophists’ arguments were usually about _____ and not with metaphysical speculations.
practical things
A lot of Socrates’ thoughts were only known through ____
Plato’s writing (The Dialogues)
Socrates’ method for discovering what is essential in the world and in people is what is known as the a) ______. This method involves the search for the b) ____
a) Socratic/dialectic method.
b) correct/proper definition of a thing.
In socrates’ method, he is not lecturing, instead he would ___. He would begin by acting as if he did not know anything to clarify their ideas.
ask questions and engage.
In using socrates’ method, the questioner should be skilled at detecting a) ___ and at b) ____ them by asking the right questions. The goal is to bring the person closer to the c) ____.
a) misconceptions
b) revealing
c) final understanding
Socrates’ influence was reflected in his famous statement which he fully lived by a)________. He believed that his mission in life was to b) ______
a) the unexamined life is not worth living.
b) seek the highest knowledge and convince others who were willing to seek knowledge with him.
The touching of the soul may mean helping the person to get in touch with his a) ______. The true self, Socrates said, is not the body but b) _____. c) ______ is inner goodness and d) _____ is that of the soul.
a) True Self
b) The Soul
c) Virtue
d) real beauty
When the ____ named socrates the wisest of all men.
Delphi Oracle
According to Socrates, real understanding comes from _____
within the person
Plato’s real name a)___ (428 - b) __ BCE)
a) Aristocles
b) 348
He was nicknamed plato because of his physical built which means _____
wide/broad
Plato left the athens for 12 years after the death of socrates. When he returned he established a school known as ______
The academy
Plato’s metaphysics is known as the ____
Theory of forms
In plato’s theory of forms, plato explained that forms refers to what are real. They are not objects that are encountered with the senses but can only be grasped intellectually. Plato’s form have the following characteristics:
- The Forms are ageless and ______
- The Forms are unchanging and ______
- The Forms are unmoving and ____
- Therefore are eternal
- Therefore are permanent
- Indivisible
This is known as Plato’s Dualism
The realm of shadows and The realm of forms
The realm of shadows - a) ____
The realm of forms - b) _____
a) imperfect and flawed
b) eterenal things, a source of all reality and true knowledge
He also believed that knowledge lies within the Person’s soul. He considered human beings as microcosms of the universal macrocosm.
Plato’s view of human nature
Plato described the soul as having three components:
- The reason - is a) ____ and b) ___ for goodness and truth
- The spirited - is c) ____and is the will or drive toward action.
- The appetites - d) ____ and lean towards the desire for e) ____ of the body
a) rational
b) motivation
c) non-rational
d) irrational
e) pleasure
In the allegory of the cave what people in the cave see are only shadows of reality which they believe are real things
Plato’s Theory of love and becoming
In knowing the truth the person must be the truth. This is ______ . The more the person knows, the more he is and the better he is
Theory of being
For plato, Love is the _____
way of knowing and realizing the truth
The greater the love, the _______?
more intellectual component it will contain
St. Augustine of Hippo:
Religion/Christianity
St. Augustine (______ CE)
354-436
St. Augustine focused on two realms which are:
- God as the source of all reality and truth
- The sinfulness of man
According to St. Augustine without God as the source of all truth, man could never understand eternal truths.
God as the source of all reality and truth
According to St. Augustine , the cause of sin or evil is an act of man’s free will.
The sinfulness of man
He stated that real happiness can only be found in God
St. Augustine
Love of physical objects leads to a)______
Love for other people is not lasting and excessive love for them is b)______
Love for the self leads to c)_____
Love for God is the supreme virtue and only through loving God can Man d) ______
a) Sin of greed
b) Sin of jealousy
c) Sin of pride
d) Find real happiness
Known as the father of the modern philosophy and considered to be as one of the rationalist philosophers of europe
Rene Descartes (1596-1650).
He introduced Cartesian Method and Analytic Geometry
Rene Descartes
Two powers that Descartes introduced:
Intuition and Deduction
The ability to apprehend direction of certain truths
Intuition
The power to discover what is not known by progressing in an orderly way from what is already known. Step by step process in knowing the truth
Deduction
Phrase made by Rene Descartes that is also the first principle of Philosophy
I think, therefore I am
Descartes considered the soul/mind as a substance that is separate from the body.
The Mind-Body problem
John Locke (1632-1704) was born in _______
Wrington England
Locke stated further that ________
nothing exists in the mind that was not first in the senses
Locke contented that ideas are not innate but rather the mind at birth is a _____
Tabula Rasa
SInce there are no innate ideas according to Locke, Morals, Religious and Political Values must come from ________
Sense experience
There are three laws according to Locke
- Law of opinion
- Civil Law
- Divine Law
Where actions that are praiseworthy are called virtues and those that are not are called vice
Law of Opinion
Where right actions must be enforced by authority
Civil Law
Set by God on the actions of Man. This is deemed to be the true law for human behavior
Divine Law
______ (1711-1776) was born in Edinburgh Scotland
David Hume
Hume’s analysis proceeded this way: the mind a) ____ materials from the senses and calls it b) _____
a) receives
b) perceptions
There are two types of perceptions according to Humes
Impressions and Ideas
- _____ are immediate sensations of external reality. These are more vivid than the ideas it produces.
- _____ are recollections of these impressions
- Impressions
- Ideas
There are three principles of Hume:
- The principle of resemblance
- The principle of contiguity
- The principle of cause and effect
According to Hume the idea of it arise only when people experience certain relations between object thus it cannot be a basis for knowledge
The principle of cause and effect
The part of human nature is what other philosophers called the soul; Hume termed it _______
The self
Hume believed that the self is also the ______
product of imagination
For Hume there’s no such thing as ______ because it is not permanent/unchanging self
personal self
Immanuel Kant (1724-____) lived all his life in the town of ______ in east prussia
a) 1804
b) Konisberg
Kant wrote three books, what are they?
Critique of Pure Reason
Critique of Practical Reason
Critique of Judgment
Instead of mind conforming the world. It is the ______
external world that conforms to the mind
Kant defined knowledge as
a result of human understanding applied to sense experience
The term kant used for this experience of the self and its unity with objects is _____
Transcendental Apperception
An austrian neurologist is still considered to be one of the pioneering figures in the field of psychology
Sigmund Freud ( 1856-1939)
based on Freud’s structures of the mind, this structure is primarily based on pleasure principle
The Id
The structure that is based on the reality principle
The Ego
The last structure to develop and primarily dependent on learning the difference between right and wrong
The Superego
In 1920, Freud in his book “Beyond the Pleasure Principle” presented two kinds of instinct that drive individual behavior.
Eros:_____
Thanatos:_____
The life instinct
The death instinct
The energy of eros is called ______ and includes urges necessary for individual and species survival like thirst, hunger and sex
Libido
Man then lives his life balancing the forces of life and death-opposing forces ____
that make mere existence a challenge
Gilbert Ryle (_____ - ____) was an english philosopher whose ideas contradicted cartesian dualism
1900 - 1976
Gilbert distinguished the
_____ and _____
Knowing-how and knowing-that
Ryle’s point of view on this is that knowing involves an _____ and not just an intellect
ability
Knowing-that is considered as _____
empty intellectualism
Modern scientific inquiry looks into the application of neurology to age-old problems in philosophy, one of which is the mind-body problem. This brought about the study of what is now known as a)________. This term was coined by b) ____ who together with husband c)____ (october 21, 1942)
a) neurophilosophy
b) Patricia Churchland
c) Paul Churchland
Patricia Churchland known for her claim that man’s brain is responsible for
the identity known as the self
Was a french phenomenological philosopher whose thoughts were greatly influenced
Maurice-Ponty (1908-1961)
Merleau-Ponty has been known as the philosopher of the ___
body
