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Contemporary Chinese Politics > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cultural Revolution

A

ideological/class struggle between Maoist radical interpretation of socialism and the pragmatic (or “capitalist” in Mao’s view) tendency within the part between 1966 and 1976

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2
Q

Generational Model

A

Represents generational differences depending on the leader at the time (5 generations)
1st Mao; changed the course of Chinese politics
2nd Deng; brought affluence to China “the Reformer”
3rd Jiang; transitional leadership
4th Hu; transitional leadership
5th Xi; has surpassed Deng, comparable to Mao in importance/power

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3
Q

Strategic Interaction (Historical Humiliation Model

A

Only theory to examine foreign policy
Chinese foreign policy attempt to erase/compensate for humiliation during 19th and 20th centuries (Opium War/unequal treaties) by achieving great-power status and returning to status as a world power

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4
Q

China-is-China-is-China (Historical) Model

A

Chinese politics today is nothing but a repetition of the historical past. Imperial China, Republican China and Communist China are all the same; the title changes, but the cycle continues.

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5
Q

Factional Model

A

Factions struggle against one another for office and influence, but must make shifting alliances to stay competitive. e.g. coastal vs. inland; Tsinghua Clique; princelings; Communist Youth/Tuan Clique, etc.)

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6
Q

Political Culture Model

A

The central issue in PRC’s politics is China’s struggle to assimilate Western technology without destroying its own cultural traditions. Divides China into two groups based on level of what they are willing to accept and reject from the West. Red-expert conflict (technocrats willing to borrow from the West vs. Marxists or modernly traditionalists).

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7
Q

Authoritarian Model

A

Other minor centers of power, encompassing and exclusive ideology (Marxist, communist, CCP), no mass citizen mobilization, control over people’s political lives only, guided economy (state capitalism)
Shift from Totalitarianism to Authoritarianism

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8
Q

David Easton’s Model of a Political System

A

Characteristic China shares with all other countries (political system)
Inputs: Citizens’ demands (e.g., policies, reforms) and support (e.g., compliance, resources)
Outputs: Government policies, laws, and decisions made to address inputs
Feedback Loop: Policies generate feedback from the public, influencing future demands and adjustments in the system
Environment: External factors (social, economic, international) impacting the system

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9
Q

Characteristics that China shares with SOME other countries

A

Confucian, Bureaucratic, Communist, Developing, Sizable, Multinational/Multiethnic, Divided, Unitary, Shrinking population, Non-religious (secular: separation of Church and State)

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10
Q

Physical Geography

A

Western/North Western China not agriculturally useful
Central and Souther China core of agriculture (Jiangsu, Guandong, Sichuan)
North China Plain combination of plains and mountains produces cotton and wheat
NE China industrially powerful but ravaged by Japan, Russia, etc.

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11
Q

5 Levels of Administrative Divisions

A

Provinces (like state)
Prefecture City (between state and county)
County (urban: county-level city/district)
Township (urban: street office)
Village (urban community

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12
Q

4 Municipalities

A

Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing

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13
Q

2 Special Administrative Regions

A

Hong Kong, Macau

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14
Q

5 Autonomous Regions

A

Xinjiang Uyghur, Tibet, Ningxia Hui, Inner Mongolia, Guangxi Zhuang

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15
Q

Coastal vs. Inland

A

Coastal China more prosperous than US and Japan
Extreme poverty inland China
Population far greater on coasts
Regional inequalities also related to ethnicity

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16
Q

Ethnic Groups

A

Han 92% large majority
55 minority groups
56 total ethnic groubs
Independence movements (Uighurs and Tibetans)

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17
Q

Languages

A

Cantonese, Mandarin, about 7-10 regionlects (not mutually intelligible)

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18
Q

Conflicts with bordering countries

A

Korean War, Sino-Indian War, Sino-USSR Border Battle, Vietnam War, Sino-Vietnamese War

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19
Q

Seas

A

Taiwan Strait, South China Sea, Diaoyudao/Diaoyutai/Senkaku Island

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20
Q

Political culture

A

Political culture of any given country is the distribution of patterns of orientation toward political objects (politicians, political institutions, and public policies) among citizens

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21
Q

As a Powerful Theory

A

a bridge between macro-and micro-level theories in political science
unit of analysis “nation-state”

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22
Q

Typologies

A

Parochial, subject, and participant

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23
Q

Confucianism

A

Family-oriented Filial Piety (devotion to parents, intentionally designate family as minature of government, creates parent-child relationship taken to national ruler-subject level, absolute unconditional obedience to father or ruler)
Interdependent social life (group-oriented)
Stress on Unity, Stability, Continuity, Order, and Harmony
Paternalistic and Virtuocratic Authority (rule based on virtue through filial piety to do with Mandate of Heaven, power of ruling family authorized by heaven if ruler is obediant, tyrannical/unvirtuous will lose Mandate)
Strong “We-Group” Feeling produced by Confucianism, family network extends to communities, schools, last name shared
Demostically: factionalism, nepotism, and regionalism/localism
Internationally: xenophobia and self-isolation in history

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24
Q

Oedipus Story vs. Chinese 24 Stories of Filial Piety

A

Oedipus supports idea authority can be replaced and no circular filial piety
Confucian society a circle, being filial to parents eventually circles around to becoming paternal authority

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25
Right to Rebel
Social Contract in West that individuals yield freedom to state and join society for the sake of order (as if in contract), but maintain the right to rebel if the contract is breached by the government Little evidence in Confucianism/Mencius
26
Three Levels of Society
Instrumental: tools/technologies, infrastructure, etc. Self strengthening movement (instrumental reform) post Opium Wars 1860's Institutional: government structures, economic structures Constitutional Reform (institutional reforms) 1898 after Sino-Japanese War Core-Value: cultural values, social order 1919 May Fourth Movement (language reforms, science and democracy, attacking Confucianism)
27
Origins of Contemporary Chinese Nationalism
Historical Humiliation Model, dream of being "middle kingdom" or "middle kingdom syndrome" shattered during Opium Wars
28
Nationalist Revolution
Led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, establishment of ROC 1911
29
Yuan Shih-Kai Rise/Fall
1912-1916 Yuan Shih-Kai argued China was not ready for democracy because of an absence of individual rights in the minds of Chinese people, instead necessary to have absolutist government
30
Founding of the Chinese Communist Party
1921 July 23
31
Nationalist Movement
1920's 1919 KMT Nationalist Party founded on political ideology of "Three Principles of the People" nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood 1924 Whampoa Military Academy 1926-1928 Northern Expedition/March (led by Chiang Kai-shek)
32
Chinese Soviet Republic
First communist government 1931
33
Long March
1934-1935 Communists pursued by KMT forces
34
Xian Incident
1936 Marshal Zhang Xueliang kidnaps Chiang Kai-shek due to frustration with his focus on the communists>Japan (Chiang believed only a united China could stand a chance) results in United Front between Communists and Nationalists
35
Second Sino-Japanese War
1937-1945
36
Civil War
1945-1949 KMT (Chiang) vs. CCP (Mao) CCP guerilla warfare, tire out KMT morale, appealed to peasant masses
37
Establishment of PRC
1949
38
Theoretical application of revolutions
Historical Model: Both Communist and Nationalist Revolutions still the same Political Cultural Model: Chinese history 1911-1949 historical process Chinese people regained lost authority (Prof. Lucian Pye), also used argue Chinese not ready for Democracy
39
Marxist Socialism
Solution to problem of economic inequality created by classic liberalism is to overthrow the capitalist system Basic ideas: surplus values (profit=price-cost, mostly taken by capitalists), bourgeoisie (the capitalists) vs. proletariat (the working class); conflicts between two classes inevitablel, historic stages: primitive, slave, feudal, capitalist, and socialist/communist
40
Leninist Communism
Rise of imperialism in Western societies delayed/prevented socialist revolutions from occurring by pacifying domestic workers by exporting exploitation abroad (extraction raw materials via colonialism) World revolution "the world system" theory and the "dependency theory" in 1960s concerning conflicts between core vs. periphery, global north vs. global south) Not upper class vs. lower class, but exploited countries vs. exploiters Leninist party: small, professional, secretive, organized, and efficient KMT and CCP both Leninist
41
cadre
middle ranking or lower ranking party worker (bureaucrat) in charge of certain function
42
Mao's leadership style
Charismatic and Traditional leader
43
Peasant movement
peasantry as base for revolution Mao never considered urban working class, becomes first to mobilize peasantry (and very successfully)
44
mass line
"From the Masses, To the Masses": a good policy is a policy that originally comes from the masses and its goal is to serve the interest of the masses
45
Method forming policy
Step 1: cadre listens to grievances of the people Step 2: cadre summarizes and reports on grievances Step 3: president makes decision about grievances Step 4: political education (persuasion and coercion of consent) on policy
46
Contradiction theory
Society is full of contradictions, so that change is possible, because one aspect of the contradiction has a tendency to transfer itself to the position of its opposite through some types of struggle between the two opposites
47
Western origin
Hegel's dialectical method from anti-thesis then to synthesis (Thesis: classic liberalism; antithesis: Marxism, Leninism, Maoism; synthesis: social democracy) Social democracy the compromise in the middle of classic liberalism (capitalism) and socialism
48
Chinese origin
Traditional concept of opposites "yin and yang"
49
Permanent Revolution
Mao believed conflict and contradiction are basic natures of society, so conflict would continue for an indefinite period of time even after the establishment of the socialist system. This leads to his theory of permanent revolution
50
People's Democratic Dictatorship
Dictatorship of the party, the majority of people are politically correct (in line with the party) and a minority are incorrect (against), but because it is a majority, it is still a democracy
51
Democratic Centralism
All people subordinate to party, one decision made final, all obediant. Democratic because nominally, collectively made decisions
52
President Xi
Derives power as General Secretary of the CCP and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. President is a decorative title.
53
National Party Congress
Made up of ~2,300 members of the Chinese Communist Party (meet once per term)
54
Central Committee
~380 members from the National Party Congress (meet once a year)
55
Politburo
24 members from the Central Committee, irregular meetings (once or twice a month)
56
Politburo Standing Committee
7 of the most powerful members in the Central Committee
57
General Secretary
Xi Jinping, leader of Politburo Standing Committee
58
Provincial Level Government
Parallel with Party level structure (Provincial Party Congress -> Provincial Party Committee -> Standing Committee -> Secretary
59
County Level Structure
Parallel with Party level structure (County Party Congress -> County Party Committee -> Standing Committee -> Secretary
60
Grassroots level
Party Secretary and Party Committee
61
Cadre Party
Elite party not open to the public as opposed to Mass Party Criteria: "Red vs. Expert" refers to ideological redness vs. professional expertise
62
State Council
Premier Li Qiang 4 Vice Premiers 5 Councilors
63
Party-State relationship
Hierarchical structure of CCP parallel to the state structure (state subordinate to CCP equivalent) Overlapping membership
64
National People's Congress
14th NPC 2980 members by indirect elections Chairperson Zhao Leji and Standing Committee
65
Major policy decision making
Initiated and formulated by standing committee (not state council) and proposed to state council to work out the details/refine (no decision making done at this point), then sent to National People's Congress for automatic approval Specifically concerning major political decisions, especially foreign policy
66
Minor policy decision making
State council manages non political decisions, infrastructure, etc.
67
Judicial system
No judicial system beyond executive and party system
68
CPPCC
Collection of all minority political parties with only nominal importance now
69
Land Reform
1950-52 (Private Ownership) Rent deduction to 37.5% Classification of rural population as landlords, rich peasants, counter-revolutionaries, bad elements and rightists vs. poor peasants Period of class struggle, ~4 million dead
70
Political implications
Mao doubles resources economically and politically, create equality and widespread penetration of party
71
Five Crisis of nation-building
Identity Crisis: no identity crisis Legitimacy crisis: CCP gain legitimacy from civil war victory Penetration Crisis: accept Maoism Participation Crisis: get people to participate Distribution Crisis: core revolution redistribution
72
Cooperation Movement
1952-53 Small and temporary Mutual Aid Teams Mao got impatient introduced larger and permanent ones Agricultural Producer's Cooperatives (APC) still private ownership, but shared profit and land between small communities Accelerated Chinese agricultural production Principle of Contibution
73
Collectivization Movement
1953-57 Peasants gave up their shares of profits in APC and became wage laborers for the party, under formality of APC Land belonged to collectives Principle of Equality
74
Great Leap Forward (GLF)
1958-59 Radical measure taken by Mao in 1958 to try to mobilize China's manpower to modernize Chinese agriculture and industry overnight ~40 million dead Absolute equality for everyone
75
Communization in Agriculture
Goal: mobilize manpower to extremity Size: biggest as much as SOCAL, smallest ~20,000 People's life: GLF why China considered totalitarian for so long, every sphere of life under government control, all social activity in communes under party supervision, radical cases separated husband from wife and children from parents Results: complete failure, too radical for time, overworked people 28 days/month without seeing family working, loss of incentive due to equalization
76
Backyard Furnaces in Industry
Goal: produce 20 million tons of steel through 13,000 furnaces, to surpass UK and chase US in steel production, provincial leaders forced to meet impossible quotas demanded people set up furnaces in backyards of collectives, without raw materials to make iron or the technologies/knowledge for production laborers forced to melt down pots/pans and eventually farm tools Results: 11 million total tons of steel, 8 million usable, 3 million unusable
77
Period of R
Private land restored, only 5% given to peasants Free market, grassroots sell on a market Self-responsibility, self regulation of profit/loss

Contemporary Chinese Politics (2 decks)

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