Quiz 1 Flashcards
Example of a Long Bone?
Humerus
Example of a Short Bone?
In the Tarsus (ankle) or Carpus (wrist)
Example of a Flat Bone?
Flat bones of the cranium
Example of an Irregular Bone?
Facial Bones
Example of a Sesamoid Bone?
The Patella
What is a plane joint? Give an example.
A joint that permits a gliding movement.
Ex: The AC, Acromioclavicular Joint
What is a Hinge joint? Give an example.
A uniaxial joint that permits flexion and extension ONLY.
Ex: The Elbow
What is a Saddle joint? Give an example.
A joint that permits most movements even Circumduction, just not as proficient as two others.
Ex: The Carpometacarpal Joint of the thumb
What is a Condyloid joint? Give an example.
A Joint that permits all movements.
- A Biaxial joint
Ex: The metacarpophalangeal joints
What is a Ball and Socket joint? Give an example.
A Multiaxial joint that permits all movements.
Ex: The hip joint
What is a Pivot joint? Give an example.
A joint that permits rotation around a central axis.
Ex: C1-C2 Joint (Atlanto-axial) and Joints between radius and ulna
Think: “I don’t know” motions
What is the Hilton Law?
A nerve that supplies a joint also supplies:
1. The muscles that move that joint
2. The skin covering the muscles’ distal attachments.
What is Proprioception?
The awareness of the body’s movement and position in space.
What is tonic contraction?
Even when muscles are relaxed they are always in a state of contraction known as tonus.
What are two types of Phasic/Active contractions?
- Isotonic: When muscle changes in length in relation to movement.
- Isometric: When muscle length remains the same but tension increases.
What are the two types of isotonic contractions?
- The Concentric - Shortening
- The Eccentric - Lengthening
Which contraction requires less metabolic energy?
Eccentric contractions
Think of: “Gripping a pen with wrist flexed or relaxed, which can be gripped harder?”
What is an agonist?
- The primary mover in a muscle contraction.
- Most movements have one agonist but there can be two.
- The more fibers = more fine motor movements
What is a fixator?
- Muscles that steady the proximal parts of a limb through an isometric contraction.
Think of an anchor
What is a synergist?
- Muscles that complements the agonist.
What is an antagonist?
- A muscle that opposes the action of an agonist.
Can a muscle act as any or more than one position? (Agonist, antagonist, synergist, fixator, etc.)
Yes they can.
What is a shunt muscle? Give an example.
A muscle that is responsible for resisting dislocation forces.
Ex: The deltoid
What is a spurt muscle? Give an example.
The more flexed a joint is, the easier the line of pull is for a muscle.
How much blood does cardiac muscles receive compared to skeletal muscles?
Twice as much.
Cycle of blood through the pulmonary system?
From right ventricle into the lungs into the left atrium.
The right lymphatic duct drains from?
The body’s right upper quadrant.
The thoracic duct drains from?
The rest of the body that the right lymphatic duct doesn’t.
How many cranial nerves are there? How many of them arise in the brain?
There are 12 pairs with 11 of them being in the brain. One is in the spinal cord (CN 11)
How many spinal nerves are there?
There are 31 pairs of Spinal nerves, which is one more than the number of vertebrae. This is because C7/T1 share an additional Spinal nerve (C8)
What are rami and how many types are there? Name them.
- Rami are branches of mixed spinal nerves (Sensory and motor) that merged from nerve roots.
- There are two: The anterior and posterior Rami.
What is dermatome overlap?
When spinal nerves may provide double coverage to an area of skin. That way if a nerve were to be compromised, the sensation can still be present on the skin.
How do presynaptic and postsynaptic fibers compare in the sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS?
- S-ANS presynaptic fibers are shorter because they are located near the anterior spinal rami. They can move in 4 directions before reaching the paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia. Then post-synaptic fibers move into the anterior rami.
- In PS-ANS, The presynaptic fibers are longer because they start at the craniosacral locations. The post-synpatic fibers are shorter as the ganglion are located near the effector organ.
Name which spinal curvatures are primary and which are secondary.
Primary: Thoracic and Sacral as they are relatively immobile.
Secondary: Cervical and Lumbar
What is Kyphosis?
Exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic vertebrae.
Think of a hunchback
What is lordosis?
Exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar region.
Also called a swayback
What is scoliosis?
Exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine
What is spondylitis?
Degenerative disease of intervertebral discs and/or vertebral bodies.
What is vertebral ankylosis?
The bony fusion of intervertebral discs and ligaments.
Give the most unique characteristic for each type of vertebra.
Cervical: Bifid and short spinous process.
Thoracic: Long and downward spinous process, costal facets for rib attachment.
Lumbar: No costal facets and a large body
Sacral: Bones are fused together
Coccygeal: Only bodies
What is a symphysis and what’s its role in the vertebrae column?
A cartilaginous joint that provides attachment between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae and plays a major role in weight-bearing.
What is an intervertebral disc composed of?
An internal nucleus pulposus (Shock absorber)
and an external anulus fibrosus (Fibrocartilage layers)
What is severe cervical hyperextension?
Rupture of the anterior longitudinal ligament that can separate the skull from the vertebral column.
What are some significant spinal ligaments?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamenta Flava - Short elastic fiber between adjacent vertebrae’s laminae
What is laminectomy?
The surgical exposure of the spinal cord to relieve pressure.
What are the Cauda Equina and the Filum terminale? How are they related?
The cauda equina is the bundle of lumbar and sacral nerve roots that is anchored by the filum terminale. The filum terminale is an extension of pia mater that extends from the coccyx to the start of the cauda equina
What makes up the transversospinales, the deep muscle layer of the back?
- The semispinales
- Multifundus
- Rotatores
What are the muscles in the minor deep layer of the back? Also, mention the exception of one of the muscles here.
Think “Inter-lateral Interactions”
1. The interspinales
2. The intertransversarii
3. Levatores Costratrum
The intertransversarii are innervated by not only the posterior rami but the anterior rami of the spinal nerves as well.
What are the muscles that compose the erector spinae?
Think “I Love Spine”
1. Iliocostalis
2. Longissimus
3. Spinalis
What is the muscle in the superficial layer of the back?
The splenius muscle; which is responsible for neck flexion and extensions
What are the three types of pains?
- Phantom Pain
- Radiculopathy - Irritation of nerves close to their origin
- Referred Pain - Stimulation of nerves in one region triggers a pain stimulus in another region
The significance of the sub-occipital triangle?
These muscles play a role in Extension and rotation of the head
What is a Colles’ Fracture?
Transverse fracture of the distal end of radius
Which fracture do you need to always be careful with?
A Scaphoid fracture of the wrist
