Quiz 1 Flashcards
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
Provide:
● Better lighting
● Comfortable space temperature,
Humidity,
And air quality
● Convenient power and communication capability
● High-quality sanitation
● Reliable systems for the protection of life and property
Mechanical systems
HVAC:
Heating
Ventilation
Air Conditioning
Site Utilities:
Water supply
Storm water drainage
Sanitary disposal
Gas supply
Plumbing:
Water distribution
Water treatment
Sanitary facilities
Fire Protection:
Water supply
Standpipe
Fire and smoke detection
Annunciation
Electrical Systems
Electrical power:
Normal
Standby
Emergency power supply and distribution
Lightning:
Interior
Exterior
Emergency lighting
Auxiliary:
Telephone
Data, audio/video, sound
Security systems
Building Operations Systems
Transportation:
Elevators
Escalators
Moving walkways
Processing:
Products
Food service
Automation:
Environmental controls
Management
Green Building or Sustainable Building
Designed to lessen the overall impact of a building on the environment and human health during its life cycle (design, built, operated, renovated, reused, demolished)
This will be obtained by
* efficiently using resources (energy, materials, and water)
* enhancing occupant health
* enhancing employee productivity
* eliminating or reducing waste and pollution
Sustainability:
Our ability to meet current needs without harming the environmental, economic, and societal systems on which future generations will rely for meeting their needs. It simply means using resources wisely.
A Green Building is designed to meet specific goals:
- Protecting occupant health
- Improving employee productivity
- Using energy, water, and other resources efficiently
- Reducing the overall impact to the environment
Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED)
LEED is a rating system for developing high-performance, sustainable buildings
LEED provides a complete framework for assessing building performance and
meeting sustainability goals
The LEED rating system addresses six major areas as follows:
- Sustainable sites (up to 14 points)
- Water efficiency (up to 5 points)
- Energy and atmosphere (up to 17 points)
- Materials and resources (up to 13 points)
- Indoor environmental quality (up to 15 points)
- Innovation and design process (up to 5 points)
LEED Professional Credentials
- LEED Green Associate
- LEED Accredited Professional (AP)
- LEED Fellow
Plumbing Code specifies: the design and installation of sanitary facilities and the piping systems.
The code specifies the minimum requirements for
- Drainage systems for water-born wastes and storm water for buildings to the point of connection with the public services
- Venting systems
- Water service pipes
- Water distribution systems ( i.e. number of plumbing fixtures for each building, the specifics of piping connections)
Plumbing Construction Drawings
Plumbing construction drawings must show the layout and design of a plumbing installation. They must include:
- Water supply and distribution plan showing piping sizes, valves, water heater
details, and temperature-pressure relief valves with discharge pipe. - Potable water system riser diagram showing piping sizes and provisions for
protection of potable water supply. - Plumbing piping plan showing layout, pitch of drainage lines, cleanouts, size of traps, and riser diagram.
- Sanitary drainage and vent system riser diagram showing drainage fixture
units (DFU), sizes, and vent termination details through the roof. - Piping support and installation schedule.
- Storm drainage details including rain gutter or roof drain sizes and
downspout/leader sizes. - Other special details (e.g., health care fixtures)
Specifications should contain piping and material fixture specifications including:
- The occupant load used to determine the number of required plumbing fixtures.
- Number and distribution based on the use group.
- Separate facilities for each gender.
- Accessible plumbing facilities and details.
There are two categories of water pipes:
Pressure pipes: Strong to hold continuous pressure
Small diameter
Copper is the most common material
DWV pipes: Thinner walls than pressure pipes
Larger in size than pressure pipes to allow for free gravity flow
Plastic and cast iron are the most common material
Piping Materials
- Copper
- Brass
- Steel and iron
- Thermoplastic (Plastic)
- Composite
- Clay and Concrete
Copper
Copper: is the most commonly used piping material:
water supply, heating systems, air conditioning, refrigeration system,
sanitary drainage, natural gas, liquid petroleum gas.
It has
Physical strength
Durability
Resistance to corrosion
Low friction
Brass
Red Brass Pipe: it consists of approximately 85% copper and 15% zinc.
It was used as water supply piping.
High installation cost.
It has limited use in new construction.
Steel and Iron Pipe:
* Black pipe
* Galvanized steel pipe
* Lightweight wrought-iron pipe
* Cast iron pipe
* Stainless steel
Black pipe: steel pipe with black oxide scale form on its surface.
It is commonly used for natural gas supply lines, and fire suppression sprinkler system lines.
Galvanized steel pipe: it is covered with a protective coating of zinc to reduce the corrosion. It is not extensively in water supply systems.
Lightweight wrought-iron pipe: It is also galvanized to increase the corrosion
resistance. It is commonly used for water supply and fire suppression sprinkler
systems.
Cast iron pipe: It is commonly used for drain/sewer systems
Stainless steel: is used in lieu of copper when the water and air contain high
concentration of sulfur.
Thermoplastic (Plastic):
Thermoplastic (Plastic): is used more and more for water distribution since it has
● Low cost
● Corrosion resistance
Composite Pipe
Composite Pipe: It is an aluminum tube laminated between two layers of polyethylene thermoplastic.
It is used in cold water and compressed air applications.
Clay and Concrete
Clay and Concrete Pipe: They are used for sewage, industrial waste, storm water, and drain field applications.
They are not commonly used in building plumbing systems.
Fittings
Fittings: are used to connect pipe lengths and make all the pipe turns, branch lines, couplings that join the straight runs, and stops at the end of the runs.
- Elbows
- Tees
- Couplings
- Adapters
Valves
Valves: are used to control flow of the water throughout the system.
They are fall into four categories:
- Gate valves
- Globe valves
- Check valves
- Angle valves
Gate Valve
Gate Valve: It is used to shut off the flow of water.
It is not used to regulate flow of water.
There is very little water pressure lost to friction.
Globe Valve
Globe Valve: It is used to regulate flow of water (lavatories and hose connections). Higher friction loss compared with a gate valve.
Angle Valve
Angle Valve: It is commonly used for outside hose bibs.
It has a much higher friction loss than the gate valve and about
half the friction loss of the globe valve.
Check Valve
Check Valve: It opens to allow the flow of water in the direction desired and
prevents flow in the other direction.
Metered Valve
Metered Valves: are designed to automatically discharge a fixed quantity of water for a specific length of time.
They operate by pushing down or against the valve handle.
They are used on lavatories in transportation terminals,
restaurants, and convections halls.
Flushometer Valve
Flushometer Valve: is a metered valve that discharges a predetermined quantity of water to fixtures for flushing purposes and is closed by direct water pressures (e.g. water closets).
Thermostatic Valve
Thermostatic Valve (tempering valve or mixing valve): is an automatic valve that thermostatically blends hot and cold water to desired temperatures.
Temperature-Pressure Relief Valve:
Temperature-Pressure Relief Valve: is a safety valve.
It remains closed at normal operating pressures and opens to release excessive pressure.
They are used as a safety feature on water heaters and boilers.
Pressure Reducing Valve:
Pressure Reducing Valve: is an adjustable valve designed to reduce pressure to a specific setting.These valves are used to reduce the street water
pressure before being sent to plumbing fixtures.
Hose Bibb (Sill cock)
Hose Bibb (Sill cock): is a valve designed to accept the threaded connection of a hose.
Plumbing Fixtures
- Water closets (WC)
- Sinks (SK)
- Bidets (BD)
- Urinals (UR)
- Bathtubs (BT)
- Service sinks (SS)
- Kitchen sinks (KS)
- Lavatories (LAV or LV)
- Showers (SH)
- Drinking fountains (DF)
Planning Plumbing Facilities
Single and multiple dwelling units and apartments must have one water closet,
one lavatory, and one bathtub or shower per dwelling or apartment unit.
