Quiz 1 Flashcards
Plant Systematic
evolutionary relationship b/w plant species
Plant Morphology
form and structure of plants
Paleobotany
biology and evolution of fossil plants
Prokaryotes
cells w/out a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes
cells w/ a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Protoplast
Includes plasma membrane and cellular objects w/in
living parts of cell
filled w/ liquid (cytosol)
cytoplasm
cytosol and organelles
nucleus
regulates and controls cellular functions
storage of genetic info
protected by double-bound membrane (nuclear envelope)
Plastids
double-membrane bound organelle
manufacture and storage of chemical compounds
typically have pigments
own circular DNA and ribosomes
Examples: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts
chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis
contains chlorophyll pigments
chromoplasts
contains colored pigments such as carotenoids
attraction of pollinators and seed dispersers
absorption and dissipation of excess light energy
leucoplasts
colorless plastids involved in storage
-amyloplasts: starch storage and gravity detection
-elaioplasts: fat storage
-proteinoplasts: protein storage and modification
mitochondria
double-membrane bound organelles involved in cellular respiration
own circular DNA and ribosomes
microbodies
spherical single membrane bound organelles
enzyme bearing vesicles for oxidation of fatty acids
includes peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
peroxisomes
involved in photorespiration and detoxification of products of photosynthesis
glyoxysomes
involved in conversion of fats into sugars during seed germination
vacuole
single membrane
80-90% volume of a cell
water regulation, storage, and waste products
ER
tubular network continuous with the nuclear envelope
connects cell through plasmodesmata
rough: protein synthesis
smooth: lipid and carb synthesis, storage of Ca 2+
dictyosomes
flattened stacks of interconnected membranes
packaging and distribution of synthesized molecules
protein and lipid modifications
cytoskeleton
infrastructure of cell
network of fibers
mechanical support, anchors and reinforces organelles, cell-to-cell communication
plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins inserted within
flexible
coordinates synthesis and assembly of cell wall, mediates transport in/out of cell, signal transduction
cell wall
structural support, protection, controls internal pressure
composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, and glycoproteins
plasmodesma
narrow hole in a primary wall
function in cellular communication
secondary wall
internal to primary wall
contains large amounts of lignin
lignin gives wood characteristic strength
photorespiration
oxygenase activity of rubisco
rubisco grabs O2 instead of CO2 in photosynthesis
cellulose
unbranched glucose polysaccharide
hemicellulose
branched glucose polysaccharide
reinforces cellulose fibers
pectin
polysaccharides that act as a gel
maintains moisture
compression strength
glycoproteins
proteins which further reinforces cell wall and acts in communication/transport
middle lamella
layer of pectin that cements two adjacent cells together
Determinate growth
Growth stops once organ reaches certain size
Flowers and leaves
Indeterminate growth
Growth continues indefinitely
Trees
Meristems
Permanent regions of active cell division
Dedifferentiation
Reversal in differentiation of cell or tissue to resume meristematic activity
Redifferentiation
Reversal in differentiation in cell or tissue to another type of cell or tissue
Meristem to specialized
Apical meristem
Found at tips of roots and shoots
Increase length of plants (primary growth)
Produces 3 primary meristems:
-protoderm
-ground meristem
-procambium
Protoderm
Dermal tissue
Ground meristem
Ground tissue
Procambium
Vascular tissue
Lateral meristems
Increase girth in certain plants (secondary growth)
Vascular cambium
Produce secondary xylem for H2O
Produce secondary phloem for sugar
Cork cambium (phellogen)
Produce cork (phellem) and phelloderm
Function in support and protection
Intercalary meristem
Meristem in vicinity of nodes
Found in monocots
Add to stem length
Basic tissues
Dermal: epidermis (primary) & periderm (secondary)
Ground: plant organs; parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma; form pith and cortex
Vascular: conducting; xylem and phloem
Epidermis
Secretes cutin which forms waxy layer (cuticle)
Prevents evaporation, disease and bacteria resistant, protects against herbicides
Stomata (leaves)
Guard cells-chloroplast filled cells that regulate gas exchange
Trichomes (leaves)
Reduce water loss
Repels insects and animals
Parenchyma Tissue
Composed of parenchyma cells
Still living at maturity
Large vacuoles
Food and water storage
Collenchyma tissue
Composed of collenchyma cells
Still living at maturity
Found beneath epidermis
Walls thicker and uneven bc extra primary wall in corners
Flexible support
Sclerenchyma tissue
Dead at maturity
Thick secondary wall (lignin)
No protoplasm
Two types:
Fibers: long and thin with tiny cavity (lumen); flexible
Sclereids: short and spherical; inflexible and brittle; many pits
Complex Ground Tissues
Cortex (outer region) & pith (inner region: various parenchyma cells; food storage
Primary xylem
Conducts water and minerals
Two types of tracheary elements:
-Vessels: long barrel tubes/ pits and open ends
-tracheids: long narrow tubes, tapered at ends, clear pits
Programmed cell death
Genetically controlled series of changes leads to death
Pits
Areas where no secondary wall deposited (formerly plasmodesmata)
Form over pit membranes
Allow water to move cell to cell
Xylem rays
Parenchyma cells in horizontal rows
Conduct water from xylem
Storage
Primary phloem
Conducts sugars
Primary cel wall and no nuclei
Long cylindrical tube w: sieve pores at ends
2 types of sieve elements
Sieve cells w/ albuminous cells: only in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms
Sieve tube w/ companion cells: angiosperms
Phloem rays
Parenchyma cells in horizontal rows
Conduct sugars from phloem
Storage
Secretory cells
Complex tissue
Made of parenchyma
Remove waste products
Produces nectar, perfumes
Secondary xylem and phloem
Produced by vascular cambium
Found in eudicots
Function same as primary
Periderm
Secondary tissue
Woody eudicots only
Outer bark composed of cork cells
Dead at maturity
Suberin
Hydrophobic waxy substance in periderm
Lenticels
Pockets of tissue which protrude through periderm surface
Primary roots
Originate from embryo (radicle)
Secondary roots (branch or lateral)
Originate from primary roots
Adventitious roots
Originate from any plant organ beside primary or secondary
Root cap
Mass of cells at tip
Secretes lubricant (mucilage)
Protects apical meristem
Gravity perception
Vascular cylinder
Roots
Composed of pericycle, primary phloem and primary xylem
Endodermis
Roots
Single layer of cels around vascular cylinder
Casparian strips: primary walls contain suberin and lignin
Passage cells: thin primary walls
Regulates water into vascular cylinder
Root secondary growth
Occurs in some eudicots
Cork cambium: phellum and phelloderm
Vascular cambium: secondary phloem and xylem (increase girth)
Both arise from pericycle
