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Botany > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Plant Systematic

A

evolutionary relationship b/w plant species

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2
Q

Plant Morphology

A

form and structure of plants

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3
Q

Paleobotany

A

biology and evolution of fossil plants

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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A

cells w/out a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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5
Q

Eukaryotes

A

cells w/ a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

Protoplast

A

Includes plasma membrane and cellular objects w/in
living parts of cell
filled w/ liquid (cytosol)

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7
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytosol and organelles

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8
Q

nucleus

A

regulates and controls cellular functions
storage of genetic info
protected by double-bound membrane (nuclear envelope)

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9
Q

Plastids

A

double-membrane bound organelle
manufacture and storage of chemical compounds
typically have pigments
own circular DNA and ribosomes
Examples: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts

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10
Q

chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis
contains chlorophyll pigments

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11
Q

chromoplasts

A

contains colored pigments such as carotenoids
attraction of pollinators and seed dispersers
absorption and dissipation of excess light energy

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12
Q

leucoplasts

A

colorless plastids involved in storage
-amyloplasts: starch storage and gravity detection
-elaioplasts: fat storage
-proteinoplasts: protein storage and modification

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13
Q

mitochondria

A

double-membrane bound organelles involved in cellular respiration
own circular DNA and ribosomes

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14
Q

microbodies

A

spherical single membrane bound organelles
enzyme bearing vesicles for oxidation of fatty acids
includes peroxisomes and glyoxysomes

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15
Q

peroxisomes

A

involved in photorespiration and detoxification of products of photosynthesis

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16
Q

glyoxysomes

A

involved in conversion of fats into sugars during seed germination

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17
Q

vacuole

A

single membrane
80-90% volume of a cell
water regulation, storage, and waste products

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18
Q

ER

A

tubular network continuous with the nuclear envelope
connects cell through plasmodesmata
rough: protein synthesis
smooth: lipid and carb synthesis, storage of Ca 2+

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19
Q

dictyosomes

A

flattened stacks of interconnected membranes
packaging and distribution of synthesized molecules
protein and lipid modifications

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20
Q

cytoskeleton

A

infrastructure of cell
network of fibers
mechanical support, anchors and reinforces organelles, cell-to-cell communication

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21
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins inserted within
flexible
coordinates synthesis and assembly of cell wall, mediates transport in/out of cell, signal transduction

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22
Q

cell wall

A

structural support, protection, controls internal pressure
composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, and glycoproteins

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23
Q

plasmodesma

A

narrow hole in a primary wall
function in cellular communication

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24
Q

secondary wall

A

internal to primary wall
contains large amounts of lignin
lignin gives wood characteristic strength

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25
Q

photorespiration

A

oxygenase activity of rubisco
rubisco grabs O2 instead of CO2 in photosynthesis

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26
Q

cellulose

A

unbranched glucose polysaccharide

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27
Q

hemicellulose

A

branched glucose polysaccharide
reinforces cellulose fibers

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28
Q

pectin

A

polysaccharides that act as a gel
maintains moisture
compression strength

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29
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins which further reinforces cell wall and acts in communication/transport

30
Q

middle lamella

A

layer of pectin that cements two adjacent cells together

31
Q

Determinate growth

A

Growth stops once organ reaches certain size

Flowers and leaves

32
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Growth continues indefinitely
Trees

33
Q

Meristems

A

Permanent regions of active cell division

34
Q

Dedifferentiation

A

Reversal in differentiation of cell or tissue to resume meristematic activity

35
Q

Redifferentiation

A

Reversal in differentiation in cell or tissue to another type of cell or tissue

Meristem to specialized

36
Q

Apical meristem

A

Found at tips of roots and shoots
Increase length of plants (primary growth)

Produces 3 primary meristems:
-protoderm
-ground meristem
-procambium

37
Q

Protoderm

A

Dermal tissue

38
Q

Ground meristem

A

Ground tissue

39
Q

Procambium

A

Vascular tissue

40
Q

Lateral meristems

A

Increase girth in certain plants (secondary growth)

41
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Produce secondary xylem for H2O
Produce secondary phloem for sugar

42
Q

Cork cambium (phellogen)

A

Produce cork (phellem) and phelloderm

Function in support and protection

43
Q

Intercalary meristem

A

Meristem in vicinity of nodes
Found in monocots
Add to stem length

44
Q

Basic tissues

A

Dermal: epidermis (primary) & periderm (secondary)

Ground: plant organs; parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma; form pith and cortex

Vascular: conducting; xylem and phloem

45
Q

Epidermis

A

Secretes cutin which forms waxy layer (cuticle)

Prevents evaporation, disease and bacteria resistant, protects against herbicides

46
Q

Stomata (leaves)

A

Guard cells-chloroplast filled cells that regulate gas exchange

47
Q

Trichomes (leaves)

A

Reduce water loss
Repels insects and animals

48
Q

Parenchyma Tissue

A

Composed of parenchyma cells
Still living at maturity
Large vacuoles
Food and water storage

49
Q

Collenchyma tissue

A

Composed of collenchyma cells
Still living at maturity
Found beneath epidermis
Walls thicker and uneven bc extra primary wall in corners

Flexible support

50
Q

Sclerenchyma tissue

A

Dead at maturity
Thick secondary wall (lignin)
No protoplasm

Two types:
Fibers: long and thin with tiny cavity (lumen); flexible

Sclereids: short and spherical; inflexible and brittle; many pits

51
Q

Complex Ground Tissues

A

Cortex (outer region) & pith (inner region: various parenchyma cells; food storage

52
Q

Primary xylem

A

Conducts water and minerals

Two types of tracheary elements:
-Vessels: long barrel tubes/ pits and open ends
-tracheids: long narrow tubes, tapered at ends, clear pits

53
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Genetically controlled series of changes leads to death

54
Q

Pits

A

Areas where no secondary wall deposited (formerly plasmodesmata)

Form over pit membranes

Allow water to move cell to cell

55
Q

Xylem rays

A

Parenchyma cells in horizontal rows
Conduct water from xylem
Storage

56
Q

Primary phloem

A

Conducts sugars
Primary cel wall and no nuclei
Long cylindrical tube w: sieve pores at ends

57
Q

2 types of sieve elements

A

Sieve cells w/ albuminous cells: only in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms

Sieve tube w/ companion cells: angiosperms

58
Q

Phloem rays

A

Parenchyma cells in horizontal rows
Conduct sugars from phloem
Storage

59
Q

Secretory cells

A

Complex tissue
Made of parenchyma
Remove waste products
Produces nectar, perfumes

60
Q

Secondary xylem and phloem

A

Produced by vascular cambium
Found in eudicots
Function same as primary

61
Q

Periderm

A

Secondary tissue
Woody eudicots only
Outer bark composed of cork cells
Dead at maturity

62
Q

Suberin

A

Hydrophobic waxy substance in periderm

63
Q

Lenticels

A

Pockets of tissue which protrude through periderm surface

64
Q

Primary roots

A

Originate from embryo (radicle)

65
Q

Secondary roots (branch or lateral)

A

Originate from primary roots

66
Q

Adventitious roots

A

Originate from any plant organ beside primary or secondary

67
Q

Root cap

A

Mass of cells at tip
Secretes lubricant (mucilage)
Protects apical meristem
Gravity perception

68
Q

Vascular cylinder

A

Roots
Composed of pericycle, primary phloem and primary xylem

69
Q

Endodermis

A

Roots
Single layer of cels around vascular cylinder

Casparian strips: primary walls contain suberin and lignin

Passage cells: thin primary walls

Regulates water into vascular cylinder

70
Q

Root secondary growth

A

Occurs in some eudicots

Cork cambium: phellum and phelloderm

Vascular cambium: secondary phloem and xylem (increase girth)

Both arise from pericycle

Botany (5 decks)

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