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Botany > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O
—light—>
C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

Sugar and oxygen results in Carbon dioxide, water,

C6H12O6 + O2
—>
6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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3
Q

Water’s role in photosynthesis

A

Source of electrons

Release oxygen as waste product

Indirect limiting factor due to closing of somates

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4
Q

Energy transport molecules

A

Reduced forms Oxidized forms
ATP ADP and Pi
NADH NAD+
FADH2 FAD
NADPH NADP+

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5
Q

Photosynthesis definition

A

Process in which light energy is transformed into chemical energy reducing CO2 to glucose

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6
Q

Structure of chloroplast

A

Thylakoid: interconnected membrane sacs housing chloroplasts

Strong: thick fluid around thylakoid

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7
Q

Plant pigments

A

Chlorophyll a: most abundant; absorbs blue-violet and red

Chlorophyll b: absorbs blue and orange

Carotenoids: absorbs blue-green

Flavonoids: absorbs ultraviolet

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8
Q

Photosystem definition

A

Light harvesting unit of thylakoid membrane

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9
Q

Reactants and products of photosystem 2

A

Reactants:
Light
Water

Products:
2 H+
1/2 Oxygen
2 electrons

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10
Q

Cellular respiration definition

A

Chemical energy harvested from fuel molecules

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11
Q

Components needed for photosynthesis

A

CO2
H2O
Light
Chlorophyll

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12
Q

Photosystem 2

A

P680

Electrons transferred to cytochrome complex

Lost electrons replaced by splitting H2O; releasing O2 and H+

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13
Q

Cytochrome complex b6f

A

Carries electron from PS2 to PS1

Aids in pumping H+ across membrane

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14
Q

Photosystem 1

A

Passes electron to ferrodoxin aided by NADPH+ reductase to transfer 2 electrons and proton to produce NADPH
P700

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15
Q

Requirements for Calvin benson

A

CO2
ATP
NADPH
RUBISCO
RuBP

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16
Q

Products of Calvin benson

A

G3P

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17
Q

3 phases of Calvin benson

A

Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration

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18
Q

Carbon fixation phase of Calvin benson

A

Carbon from CO2 attached to 5 carbon sugar RuBP using rubisco

Creates 6 carbon sugar

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19
Q

Reduction phase of Calvin benson

A

ATP AND NADPH from light reactions is transferred to sugar to produce G3P in stroma

6 carbon sugar is split into 2 G3P

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20
Q

Regeneration phase of Calvin benson

A

Some G3P and ATP used to remake RuBP for cycle to continue

Remaining G3P used to make sugars

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21
Q

Number of times Calvin benson must run to make 1 molecule of glucose

A

6

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22
Q

Biochemical limitations to photosynthetic rates

A

ATP, NADPH, and Pi availability

RuBP available for carbon fixation

Rubisco availability

Ratio of CO2 to O2
High CO2 speeds up carbon fixation
High O2 leads to photorespiration

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23
Q

Photorespiration

A

Rubisco utilizes O2 instead of CO2 resulting in consuming energy and releasing CO2

Uses up energy to make sugars

May prevent photo oxidation damage

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24
Q

C3 Pathway

A

Standard carbon fixation

Range of temps and light

Limited in high temps and high light

Requires:
CO2
ATP
NADPH
RUBISCO
RuBP

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25
Q

C4 Pathway

A

Creates 4 carbon molecule

Requires PEP and PEP carboxylase

Standard carbon fixation

Occurs in mesophyll and bundle sheath

Reduction of photorespiration

Higher optimum temps

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26
Q

CAM pathway

A

Same as C4 but occurs by time and not tissues

PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 at night and transfers to Calvin during day

Plants require thicker tissues and slower growth

Handles higher temps, light intensity, and H2O stress

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27
Q

Evolution

A

Accumulation of genetic changes in populations of living organisms through many generations

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28
Q

Fitness

A

Ability to produce viable offspring

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29
Q

2 main evolutionary concepts

A

Descent w/ modification
Natural selection

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30
Q

Descent w/ modification

A

Organisms accumulate modifications in response to environment

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31
Q

Natural selection

A

Organisms with certain inheritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those with other traits

Mechanism of evolution and most significant factor causing gene pool changes

32
Q

Acclimation

A

Gradual physiological adjustment to new conditions

33
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of a new species

34
Q

Species

A

Distinct identifiable group of populations that are evolutionarily independent and can interbreed

35
Q

Systematics

A

Classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

36
Q

Taxonomy

A

Identifying, naming, and classifying species

37
Q

Classification

A

Based on shared physical characteristics

Fossil evidence
Anatomical data
Molecular data
Biogeography

38
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary relationships among organisms

Utilizes, fossils, morphology, and molecular bio

Phylogenetic trees

39
Q

Classification hierarchy

A

Kingdom
Division -phyta
Class -opsida
Order -ales
Family -aceae
Genus
Species

40
Q

Clade

A

Ancestral species and all of its descendants

41
Q

Cladistics

A

Study of evolutionary history by researching clades

42
Q

Ingroup

A

Clade group

What’s being analyzed

43
Q

Outgroup

A

Clade group

Species or group that diverged a long time ago

44
Q

Monophyletic group

A

Composed of ancestor and all its descendants

Overall end goal

45
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

Composed of common ancestor, but not all descendants

46
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

Two or more ancestors, but not a true common ancestor

47
Q

6 major challenges in systematics

A

Convergent evolution

Adaptive radiation

Developmental plasticity

Polyploidy

Asexual reproduction

Artificial selection 

48
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Adaptive change, resulting in similarities among organisms

Due to similar environments, not common ancestors

Evolved independently

49
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Rapid evolutionary diversification within one lineage

Produces numerous descendants species with wide range of adaptive forms

Typically follows mass extinctions

50
Q

Developmental plasticity

A

Physical differences arise due to environmental conditions

Generally, no genetic basis

Ecotype: locally adapted variant of an organism with a genetic basis

51
Q

2 Types of Polyploidy

A

Autoploidy: due to mutation that results in more than two chromosomes sets within a species

Allopolyploidy: due to hybridization between different species

52
Q

Artificial selection

A

Process in which humans purposely change allele frequency of a gene pool

Seek individuals with desirable qualities, disease, resistance, stress, tolerance, increased, seeded, protein, content, long, flowering time

53
Q

Alternation of generations

A

Reproductive cycle in which haploid phase gametophyte produces gametes

Gametes fuse in pairs to produce a zygote

Zygote leads to diploid sporophyte phase

Meiosis and fertilization

54
Q

Increase in plant complexity overtime allowing for terrestrial habitation

A

Photosynthesis
Conduction
Support
Anchorage
Protection
Reproduction

55
Q

Gametophyte generation

A

First cell is a spore

Produces gametangia where gates develop inside via mitosis

Cells of this generation are haploid

56
Q

Sporophyte generation

A

First cell is a zygote from fertilization

Produces sporangium where spores develop inside via meiosis

Any cell of this generation is diploid

57
Q

4 major events in plant evolution

A

Origin of gametangia: protect gammetes and embryos

Origin of vascular tissue: conducts water and nutrients

Origin of seeds: protects embryos from desiccation and other hazards

Origin of flowers: bears ovules within protective chambers, called ovaries

58
Q

Algae

A

Photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous, and prenchymatous

Ecological and economical importance:
Food source
Vital habitat for other organisms
Disease
Industrial uses
Medical advancements

59
Q

Importance of fungi

A

Decomposition

Mycorrhizae

Remediation of environmental pollution

Production of food and beverages

Penicillin

Dutch Elm disease and chestnut blight

60
Q

Lichen

A

Association of a fungus and a green algae or cyanobacteria

Body forms:
crustose
foliose
fructose

61
Q

Nonvascular plant adaptations compared to algae

A

Drought resistant spores

Multicellular body for greater water retention

Waterproofing cuticle

Protection of gamy and spore from desiccation (sporangia and gametangia)

Coordination of gamete production with moisture

62
Q

Bryophyte alternation of generations

A

Gametophyte is longer generation

Sporophyte depends on gametophyte for nutrition

63
Q

Division Marchantia

A

Liverworts: leafy and thallose

Can reproduce asexually via gemmae

64
Q

Division Bryophta (Mnium)

A

5 classes

Peat mosses, true mosses, rock mosses

Gametangia are surrounded by paraphyses

Sporophytes is stalk

65
Q

Division Anthocerophyta

A

Hornworts

Forms symbiosis w/ Cyanobacteria

66
Q

Bryophyte economic and ecological importance

A

Shelter and food for invertebrates

Initial colonizers

Used as bedding and padding material

Absorbent and antibacterial properties

Fuel source

Sensitivity to pollution

Historical preservation

Global carbon cycle

67
Q

Seedless vascular plant adaptations compared to bryophytes

A

Vascular tissue allowed for height

True roots, stems and leaves

Development of complex tissue systems

Cuticles, guard cells, protected spores

68
Q

Microphyll

A

Relatively small leaves with only a single strand of vascular tissue

69
Q

Megaphyll

A

Larger leaves with complex system of vascular tissue (branching)

70
Q

Dominate generation of seedless vascular plants

A

Sporophyte

Produces more offspring

71
Q

Homospory

A

Produce one kind of spore

72
Q

Heterospory

A

Produce both kinds of spores

73
Q

Strobilus

A

Cone like structure of sporophylls

74
Q

Sorus

A

Cluster of sporangia

75
Q

Sporophyll

A

Spore bearing modified leaf

76
Q

Elaters

A

Ribbon like appendages found near spores

Botany (5 decks)

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