Quiz 1 Flashcards
Which animal did Canadian scientists and educators work with the most in 2022?
mice
this animal played an essential role in the development of chemotherapy treatments for leukaemia, the most common cancer affecting children. Now, thanks to this and other advances, the survival rate for leukaemia patients has skyrocketed from 30% to 80% today.
mice
what are the model benefits of mice?
- small size
- short repro cycles and lifespan
- docile and gentle temperment
- well characterized anatomy, genetics, biology, and physiology
- availability of genetically manipulated strains
- stocks (outbred) and strains (inbred)
what is the difference b/t mouse stocks and mouse strains?
stocks are outbred and strains are inbred
what is the Harderian gland? what species has them?
deep lacrimal gland of the 3rd eyelid
mice and rats
mice, rats, and hamsters have ____-rooted incisors and ____-rooted molars
open, closed
give me the mouse “normals” for these parameters
1) adult weight
2) life span
3) body temp
4) HR
5) RR
6) water consumption
7) food consumption
idk if we have to memorize these, I dont think im gonna
1) 20-40g
2) 1-3 yr
3) 36.5-38.0 C
4) 310-840 bpm
5)163 bpm
6) 5-8mL/day
7) 3-5g/day
list 4 common uses of mice in science
- genetic diseases & conditions
- infectious diseases
- microbiome
- immunology
what are the model benefits of rats?
- small size
- short repro cycle and lifespan
- docile and easy to train
- known genetic background and microbial status
- similarities to human disease conditions
because of their nocturnal nature, rats are prone to what disease?
phototoxic retinopathy
give me the rat “normals” for these parameters
1) adult weight
2) life span
3) body temp
4) HR
5) RR
6) water consumption
7) food consumption
idk if we have to memorize these, I dont think im gonna
1) 250-500g
2) 2.5-3 yr
3) 37.5 C
4) 300-500 bpm
5) 85 bpm
6) 8-11mL/day
7) 22-33g/day
list 3 common uses of rats in science
- neuroscience (anxiety, depression, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s)
- behavioural research (substance use disorders)
- preclinical testing (pharmacology, toxicology)
what are the model benefits and common uses of hamsters?
- susceptibility to infectious diseases, carcinogens, tumours
- cheek pouches (cancer research)
- larger sized rodent
- development of metabolic disorders and cardiomyopathy
- behavioural research
hamsters are resistant to ___ and ____, but sensitive to _____.
histamine, morphine, corticosteroids
give me the syrian/golden hamster “normals” for these parameters
1) adult weight
2) life span
3) body temp
4) HR
5) RR
6) water consumption
7) food consumption
idk if we have to memorize these, I dont think im gonna
1) 90-150g
2) 2yr
3) 37.5C
4) 280-412 bpm
5) 74 bpm
6) 30 mL/day
7) 10-15g/day
by studying this animal in the early 1900’s, scientists discovered that vitamin C was essential to the human diet. To date, this animals contributions to research have led to over 23 Nobel Prizes in medicine
guinea pig
what are the model benefits and common uses of guinea pigs?
- docile, small size
- auditory research (large bullae)
- repro research (similar placenta and gestation to humans)
- resp research (airways similar to humans and reactive to inhaled compounds)
- dermatological testing (hairless strain)
guinea pigs and rabbits have ____-rooted incisors and _____-rooted molars.
open, open
guinea pigs require ______ in their diet.
Vit C
Guinea pigs have a _____ pubic symphysis
fibrocartilaginous
Guinea pigs and rabbits have _______ rather than neutrophils (????)
heterophils
maybe they have both? idk
guinea pigs are resistant to _____.
steroids
give me the guinea pig “normals” for these parameters
1) adult weight
2) life span
3) body temp
4) HR
5) RR
6) water consumption
7) food consumption
idk if we have to memorize these, I dont think im gonna
1) 700-1200g
2) 3-4 yr
3) 37.2-39.5
4) 230-380 bpm
5) 42-100 bpm
6) 70-100mL/day
7) 50g/day
what are the model benefits and common uses for rabbits?
- cardiovascular research (diet-induced and genetic models of CV disease)
- medical device testing (larger body size)
- immunology and antibody prod (large blood vol and easy access to vasculature)
- ocular research (large eye)
rabbits are sensitive to _____.
hypercholesterolemia
rabbits have a R AV valve that is ____.
bicuspid
guinea pigs and rabbits absorb Ca…. how much?
in proportion to the amount in diet
true or false: rabbit urine contains crystals
true
give me the rabbit “normals” for these parameters
1) adult weight
2) life span
3) body temp
4) HR
5) RR
6) water consumption
7) food consumption
idk if we have to memorize these, I dont think im gonna
1) 2-5kg
2) 5-7 yr
3) 38.5-39.5C
4) 200-300 bpm
5) 32-60 bpm
6) 120mL/day
7) 110-170g/day
which of the following facts is true regarding zebrafish?
- zebrafish are one of the few fish that have been sent to space
- zebrafish can repair their heart if the organ gets damaged
- zebrafish can model human influenza virus to find treatments
- drunk zebrafish swim extra fast and get sober fish to follow them
they’re all true ;)
what are the model benefits and common uses of zebrafish?
- small size, ease of keeping large numbers
- year-round spawning with large egg clutches
- translucent eggs with rapid development
- fully sequenced genome
- developmental biology
- tissue regeneration
- cancer research
zebrafish are ______. (what type of water do they like?)
freshwater
zebrafish adults are sexually _____. embryos develop ____ the mother and are optically transparent. they sexually mature in _____.
dimorphic
outside
2-4 mo
what are the model benefits and common uses of African clawed frogs?
- easily raised and housed in large numbers
- produce large-sized embryos that are easy to manipulate
- short generation time and very prolific
- capability to perform gene-editing techniques
- developmental bio, molecular research
- developmental toxicology (FETAX)
African clawed frogs require _____ in their diet.
Vit A
you should avoid ______ when handling African clawed frogs
phenolic disinfectants
the use of animals in research and teaching in Canada is controlled and influenced by…?
- Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)
- local institutional policies (ex. U of C)
- provincial and federal legislation
- funding agencies
- Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Science (CALAS)
- Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Medicine (CALAM)
- responsibility to public interest
what is the national peer-review organization responsible for setting, maintaining, and overseeing the implementation of high standards of animal ethics and care in science throughout Canada?
CCAC (Canadian Council on Animal Care)
true or false: participating in the CCAC program and maintaining a CCAC Certificate of Good Animal Practice (GAP) is optional for all Canadian institutions conducting science with animals and receiving funding from:
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
- Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC)
- most provincial funders and charitable organizations
false. it is mandatory
how often are institutions visited and inspected by the CCAC for their ethics review processes through ACCs, compliance with CCAC guidelines, and facility and animal care standards?
once every 3 years
what are Reportable Animal Welfare Incidents (RAWI’s)?
events that either lead to significant mortality of animals or threat to animal health/welfare; or serious or continuous noncompliance with CCAC standards that leads to suspension by the ACC or institution of an animal-based activity threatening animal health or welfare
certified institutions are required to report RAWI’s within _____ of occurrence.
14 days
what is the difference b/t CALAM and CALAS?
CALAM: national assoc of vets working in lab animal med
CALAS: national assoc that provides training/education to animal care professionals
what are the 3 R’s in humane animal use?
replacement, refinement, reduction
what does replacement mean?
methods to avoid or replace the use of animals in an area where animals would otherwise have been used (maybe absolute or relative replacements)
what does refinement mean?
modification of experimental or husbandry procedures to minimize pain, stress, and distress beyond standard care and practices that are routinely provided
what is reduction?
any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used
what are Animal Care Committees (ACC’s)?
autonomous institutional committee responsible for ensuring that all use of animals in science aligns with the guidelines set forth by the CCAC, government legislation and regulations, as well as institutional policies, standards and codes of ethical conduct
each ACC must be comprised of of the following, at a min:
- veterinarian
- researcher who works with animals
- research who does not work with animals
- animal care tech or manager
- student
- community member
- ACC Chair
- ACC Coordinator
what are Animal Use Protocols (AUP)?
documents submitted by researchers or instructors outlining all planned procedures or activities that will involve animals (live animals or animal tissues)
all procedures must be detailed within the AUP prior to commencement of work
true or false: if animal work must be altered, a modification to the AUP must be submitted to the ACC for review and approval before the new work begins
true
what are the 5 categories of invasiveness?
Category A: most invertebrates or live isolates
Category B: little or no discomfort or stress (ex. PE or collecting blood)
Category C: minor stress or pain of short duration (ex. minor sx, biopsies)
Category D: mod to severe stress or discomfort (ex. spay, induction of dz)
Category E: severe pain near, at, or above the pain tolerance threshold of unanesthetized conscious animals (ex. exposure to agent of unknown effect, procedures that cause pain near pain tolerance and not relieved with analgesia)
what are the 2 main types of endpoints?
- experimental/teaching endpoints (no further benefit to use)
- humane endpoints (if physical or behavioural condition has deteriorated and fulfils a predetermined checklist of criteria, use of animal will stop)
what is the AUP review process?
- ACC review of AUP
- ACC meeting
- application status
- modifications
true or false: all projects must be approved for both animal ethics and merit before any animal work may begin
true
what is the difference b/t animal ethics and animal merit?
ethics: moral principles
merit: importance and feasibility of the proposed work
what is post-approval assurance?
responsibility shared by researchers, instructors, ACC, vets, and animal care staff
ensures the health and well-being of the animals and that the animal usage reflects what is being documented in the AUP
what is reproducibility?
Ability to repeat results
what is translatability?
is studied animal relevant?
what are the 2 main challenges in lab animal med?
reproducibility and translatability
what are SPF colonies?
specific pathogen free colonies
what are the 4 bacterial resp pathogens that we need to know?
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Flavobacterium bronchophilium & columnare
- Pasteurella multocida
- Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus
Bordetella bronchiseptica affected what species? what are the risk factors?
mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits
usually young, common in winter
what are the C/S of Bordetella bronchiseptica in LAM?
suppurative rhinitis, dyspnea, infertility, stillbirths, abortions
how do you dx and tx Bordetella bronchiseptica?
Dx: culture, histo, ELISA, PCR
tx: supportive, cull
Flavobacterium bronchiophilum & columnare affect what species? what are the common names for these bac t?
zebra fish
Cotton wool disease, Fin rot
what are the C/S and risk factors with Flavobacterium bronchophilum & F. columnare infection?
it’s actually branchiophilum, not bronchophilum
C/S: laboured breathing, hyperaemic gills, fin/tail rot (saddleback lesion)
risk: crowding, poor water quality, transportation
F. bronchophilum causes ___ lesions and F. columnare causes ____ lesions.
gill
gill & skin
what is the pathology assoc with Flavobacterium?
epithelial hyperplasia lamellae
how do you dx and tx Flavobacterium in LAM?
dx: wet mount of gills –> fused lamellae, filamentous bac t, excess mucus prod
tx: oxytetracycline, antiseptic baths
who does Pasteurella multocida impact?
rabbits
what are the C/S of Pasteurella?
subclinical, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, SQ abscesses, otitis media
how do you dx and tx Pasteurella in LAM?
dx: Culture, PCR, serology
tx: enrofloxacin for C/S, environmental decont.
Who does Strep equi zooepidemicus impact?
guinea pigs
what are the C/S of Strep equi zooepidemicus?
enlargement of cervical LNs with purulent exudate (“lumps”), nasal/ocular d/c, torticollis, dyspnea, abortions, stillbirths
how do you dx and tx Strep equi zooepidemicus in LAM?
dx: culture, PCR
tx: cull
what ar ether bacterial GI pathogens we have to know?
Citrobacter rodentium
Clostridium piliforme
who does Citrobacter rodentium affect? what is it’s common name?
mice, gerbils, guinea pigs (?)
transmisible murine colonic hyperplasia
what are the C/S of Citrobacter rodentium ?
D+, rectal prolapse, ruffled fur, studded growth
primarily weanlings
how do you dx and tx/prevent Citrobacter rodentium?
dx: path, culture, Hx
tx: surveillance/exclusion, proper decontam. of food/bedding/biologicals, cull
Who does Clostridium piliforme impact? what is it’s common name?
mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits
Tyzzer’s
what are the C/S of Clostridium piliforme?
subclinical, unexpected deaths»_space;>
D+, scruffy coat, lethargy, poor BCS
post weanling
what is the gross path of Clostridium piliforme?
triad of lesions: intestines, liver, heart
how do you dx and tx Clostridium piliforme?
dx: PCR. serology, histo
tx: cull, environmental decon
true or false: Clostridium piliforme is zoonotic
true true TRUE!!!!
what are the bacterial skin pathogens that we have to know?
Aeromonas hydrophila & sobria
Corynebacterium bovis
Mycobacterium marinum, haemophillium, chelonae
Staphylococcus aureus & xylosus
Aeromonas hydrophila & sobria affect who? what is it’s common name?
Zebrafish, Xenopus (African clawed frog)
ulcer disease, red sore
what are the C/S of Aeromonas hydrophila/ A. sobria?
- petechial hemorrhages of skin, fins, oral cavity, muscle
- superficial to deep skin lesions
- coelomic distension, exophthalmos
how do you dx and tx Aeromonas?
dx: culture (kidneys)
tx: oxytetracycline and nifurpirinol
true or false: Aeromonas sobria & hydrophila are zoonotic
YES THAT IS TRUE
Corynebacterium bovis affected whomst? what is it’s common name?
mice, rats
Hyperkeratosis, scaly skin disease
what are the C/S of Corynebacterium bovis?
white flakes, alopecia, prutitis, weight loss, subclinical
how do you dx and tx Corynebacterium bovis?
dx: culture (slow growing), PCR
tx: tetracycline, enrofloxacin, ampicillin
who does Mycobacterium marinum, chelonae, haemophillium impact? what is it’s common name?
zebrafish, Xenopus
Fish tuberculosis
what are the C/S of Mycobacterium?
lethargy, anorexia, emaciation, decreased fecundity, skin ulceration and hemorrhage, hyperaemia, coelomic distension, skeletal deformities
how do you dx and tx Mycobacterium?
dx: detection of acid-fast bacteria in spleen and kidneys, culture, PCR
tx: cull
true or falsE: Mycobacterium is zoonotic. if true, what does it cause?
true
Fish handler’s granuloma, swimmer’s granuloma
who does Staph aureus and xylosus impact? what disease do they cause?
mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, rabbits
ulcerative dermatitis
what are the C/S of Staph aureus/S. xylosus?
subclinical, dermatitis, abscesses, pododermatitis
how do you dx and tx Staph aureus/S. xylosus?
dx: culture (nasopharynx, skin, lesion), histo
tx: Abx, nail trim
