quiz 1 Flashcards
cumulative continuity
when one’s predisposition remains stable because of their actions to maintain their comfort - they reinforce their own behaviour
interactional continuity
individuals evoke and receive responses from their environment in a reciprocal matter
findings of the study on children and adolescence memory recall for emotionally valenced words
emotionally valenced words were more likely to be recognized but also more likely to be falsely remembered
critical lure errors increased from childhood to adolescence
adolescents were more accurate for negative words, then positive, then neutral
stress increased accuracy
three common debates in cognitive development
nature vs nurture
experience vs maturation
competence vs performance
three components of cognition
the acquisition, processing, and organization of information
why should we care about children’s cognitive development
- to give a foundation for planning for a group of children
- to give information for parents who are planning to have a child
- to plan for the next steps in a child’s development
- so curriculums align with patterns of development
- so professionals can be assured they’re giving good advice
three individual environment models
organismic individual environment interactions - heredity drives development, biology influences their development
mechanistic individual-environment interactions - people’s behaviour changes gradually overtime and is shaped by outside forces that cause them to adapt to their environment
interactionist individual environment interactions - genetics and the environment shape the individual, but the individual also actively shapes their environment
erickson infancy stage
trust mistrust, hope
erickson toddler stage
autonomy shame, self control
erickson early childhood
initiative vs guilt, purpose/direction
erickson middle childhood
industry vs inferiority, competency
erickson adolescence
identity vs role confusion, fidelity
erickson young adulthood
intimacy vs isolation, love
erickson middle adulthood
generativity vs stagnation, production and care
erickson older adulthood
integrity vs despair, wisdom
A not B error
test in babies where they look for something where they last were able to find it, not where they saw it hidden
what was the hypothesis of Umi’s experiment on math anxiety and performance
insecurely-attached children have higher levels of math anxiety, and math anxiety is associated with worse performance on timed and untimed math tasks
Processing efficiency theory - worrying about solving a math problem (due to math anxiety) can deplete the resources of the working memory, making it harder to solve
The key dependent variable was performance on math tasks.
Working memory and math anxiety were to be predictors of math performance
Results from Umi’s experiment on math anxiety and performance:
Attachment may play a role in working memory interference, and this may be general (not math-specific)
negative correlation between working memory capacity and math anxiety
Math anxiety was positively correlated with attachment anxiety
Math anxiety is not correlated with negative affect
Attachment security was the only significant predictor of interference
Umi’s experiment on retrieval-induced forgetting:
Using positive reappraisal and self-efficacy can be a method to reframing retrieval-induced forgetting.
Reframe the memory to focus on the positive aspects and forget the negative aspects
RRIF may be more effective for people with higher social thought control or lower cognitive failures
reasons why the group that was primed with the list of half the states did worse on memory recall
interference - the list they were given back-seat drives the memory, it overrides the normal processes one may go about to recall the fifty states, so they are not able to remember as many.
inhibitory processes - where your brain tries to actively repress states that may be mistaken for the ones on the list. For example, if you were given a list that had Wisconsin on it, your brain may repress Washington and Wyoming because they might be mistaken for Wisconsin.
Bonferroni correction
correcting your P value because you are worried you have made a mistake or a false positive (type one error)
structural equation modelling
a complex modelling framework that is best for complex research questions that involve a system of many variables and their relationships.
essentially, path analysis using latent variables
SEM is very good at adjusting for errors in measurement
what does an oval represent in path analysis
a measured latent variable
what does a rectangle represent in path analysis
an observed variable
what does a circle represent in path analysis
error variance
what did rovier collier do
tested how 3 month old babies interact with their environment. foot attached to string attached to mobile, the more they kick the more they are actively a part of their environment
children have trouble understanding other peoples’ POV until around age
4
what was the purpose of the candles in the crayon box experiment
it was a sort of false belief test - children under the age of four will maintain that they always knew that the crayon box had candles inside of it, even though they initially said they thought it had crayons inside of it.
Children over the age of four will admit that they initially thought the box had crayons inside of it, but now they know it actually has candles inside
what is the significance of the mirror test
Children under three will not be able to have a concrete sense of self and will try to touch the mirror (reflection) to get the powder off of their face
Children do not seem to be able to form episodic memories until they can pass the mirror test
power analysis
Running a mini analysis on a small group of people to determine how many people you need to run the full experiment and get meaningful results
grey matter volume in the prefrontal cortex peaks in which life stage
adolescence, drop off due to synaptic pruning - fine-tuning brain pathways and networks
activity in the medial prefrontal cortex _____ during adolesence
decreases, probably because adults and adolescents use a different approach to social decision making
adolescents like to take risks. why is this? refer to brain regions.
their limbic system is hyper sensitive to the reward feeling derived from risk taking, and their prefrontal cortex which usually inhibits risk taking is still developing
three findings of behavioural inhibition study
- Inhibited infants ranked were more likely to be introverted, have internalizing psychopathology, and be ranked lower on social functioning 25 years later
- Infants with high BI and high ERN (error monitoring) were more likely to develop internalizing disorders like anxiety
- ## We found no evidence that infant BI predicted difficulties in education, career achievements, or romantic relationships in adulthoodtype of research: prospective longitudinal study - examining the influence of behavioural inhibition on socioemotional development
How do bilingual minds process information and coordinate between the two language models
The two language models are Botha Clive at all times. The brain does not simply switch between the two.
Because both language systems are activated constantly in bilingual brains, there is an increased potential for errors. How does the brain combat this
The attention system and selection processes in the executive function systems
The executive function system is the _____ to develop in adolescence and the ______ to decline in aging
Last, first
Lifespan studies show that life-long bilinguals have more developed structures in the _____ and tend to preform better on ______tests
More develop3 structures in the frontal part of the brain (executive functioning) and preform better on selection tasks
Grey matter volume tends to decrease around the age of
60
What can disturb the parallel nature of cognitive functioning decline and brain matter volume decline
Cognitive reserve. Includes things like diets and exercise. Maintain cognitive functioning despite changes in brain volume
While monolinguals tend to have better brain structure in later adulthood, bilinguals can ….
Cope with brain volume decline better
What is the relation between age of incidence of dementia and bilingualism
Bilinguals tend to be diagnosed later in life
Bilinguals have more brain atrophy in this area
Hippocampus, which is more associated with Alzheimer’s
what are some skills gained in formal operations
ability to make inferences and think abstractly about concepts and ideals.
perspective taking, deduction, metacognit
why do we forget things when we walk into a room
because people form event models (mental representations) of what they are doing and these tend to be segmented by event boundaries (changes in scenery). Therefore as we walk into one room and leave another, two separate event models now exist (one from previous room, one for current room). If we have something that was/is present in both, for example carrying an object in from another room, there is now interference between the two event models as the brain tries to recall information relating to that object.
why was the study on forgetting as we walk through doors interested in the aging process
- older adults are generally less able to surpress related but irrelevant information
- older adults typically good at processing event models and boundaries
what did the study find about age and walking through doorways
forgetting was unaffected by age. Both younger and older adults seemed to forget things equally. they both made more errors when in the shift condition. older adults had slower response times, but this was not affected by the shift/no shift condition.
what is the reciprocity principle
belief that we are influenced by the events in our lives
micro level of the reciprocity principle interactions
friends, family, classroom, coworkers
meso level reciprocity
community, health agencies, mass media, school
macro level reciprocity principle
culture, political systems, economics, society, nationality
when it comes to predicting future events, what are the differences between teenagers and adults (post-formal thought)
those in their 30s are more likley to consider what is the most plausible course of events instead of just what is possible. They consider what is practical instead of what is ideal.
relativistic thought
considering how different povs may affect what is considered the “right” conclussion
evaluative thought
the ability to assess which option seems most correct when all of them seem right
dialectical thought
the ability to consider the strongest points from two opposing sides of an argument - considered to be one of the most advanced forms of post-formal operations
partial eta squared (ηp2)
shows the size of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable
the self and social functions of memory are ____ while the directive function is ______
positive, negative
postformal thought
advanced thought process associated with emerging adulthood that emphasizes the move from idealistic thinking to more practical and realistic thinking, which allows for more adaptive choices
child care providers try to have three types of knowledge - which are:
Child development, individual characteristics, family/community/culture
- What scale of measurement is required to do an independent measures ANOVA
interval and ratio
