quiz 1 Flashcards
cumulative continuity
when one’s predisposition remains stable because of their actions to maintain their comfort - they reinforce their own behaviour
interactional continuity
individuals evoke and receive responses from their environment in a reciprocal matter
findings of the study on children and adolescence memory recall for emotionally valenced words
emotionally valenced words were more likely to be recognized but also more likely to be falsely remembered
critical lure errors increased from childhood to adolescence
adolescents were more accurate for negative words, then positive, then neutral
stress increased accuracy
three common debates in cognitive development
nature vs nurture
experience vs maturation
competence vs performance
three components of cognition
the acquisition, processing, and organization of information
why should we care about children’s cognitive development
- to give a foundation for planning for a group of children
- to give information for parents who are planning to have a child
- to plan for the next steps in a child’s development
- so curriculums align with patterns of development
- so professionals can be assured they’re giving good advice
three individual environment models
organismic individual environment interactions - heredity drives development, biology influences their development
mechanistic individual-environment interactions - people’s behaviour changes gradually overtime and is shaped by outside forces that cause them to adapt to their environment
interactionist individual environment interactions - genetics and the environment shape the individual, but the individual also actively shapes their environment
erickson infancy stage
trust mistrust, hope
erickson toddler stage
autonomy shame, self control
erickson early childhood
initiative vs guilt, purpose/direction
erickson middle childhood
industry vs inferiority, competency
erickson adolescence
identity vs role confusion, fidelity
erickson young adulthood
intimacy vs isolation, love
erickson middle adulthood
generativity vs stagnation, production and care
erickson older adulthood
integrity vs despair, wisdom
A not B error
test in babies where they look for something where they last were able to find it, not where they saw it hidden
what was the hypothesis of Umi’s experiment on math anxiety and performance
insecurely-attached children have higher levels of math anxiety, and math anxiety is associated with worse performance on timed and untimed math tasks
Processing efficiency theory - worrying about solving a math problem (due to math anxiety) can deplete the resources of the working memory, making it harder to solve
The key dependent variable was performance on math tasks.
Working memory and math anxiety were to be predictors of math performance
Results from Umi’s experiment on math anxiety and performance:
Attachment may play a role in working memory interference, and this may be general (not math-specific)
negative correlation between working memory capacity and math anxiety
Math anxiety was positively correlated with attachment anxiety
Math anxiety is not correlated with negative affect
Attachment security was the only significant predictor of interference
Umi’s experiment on retrieval-induced forgetting:
Using positive reappraisal and self-efficacy can be a method to reframing retrieval-induced forgetting.
Reframe the memory to focus on the positive aspects and forget the negative aspects
RRIF may be more effective for people with higher social thought control or lower cognitive failures
reasons why the group that was primed with the list of half the states did worse on memory recall
interference - the list they were given back-seat drives the memory, it overrides the normal processes one may go about to recall the fifty states, so they are not able to remember as many.
inhibitory processes - where your brain tries to actively repress states that may be mistaken for the ones on the list. For example, if you were given a list that had Wisconsin on it, your brain may repress Washington and Wyoming because they might be mistaken for Wisconsin.
Bonferroni correction
correcting your P value because you are worried you have made a mistake or a false positive (type one error)
structural equation modelling
a complex modelling framework that is best for complex research questions that involve a system of many variables and their relationships.
essentially, path analysis using latent variables
SEM is very good at adjusting for errors in measurement
what does an oval represent in path analysis
a measured latent variable
what does a rectangle represent in path analysis
an observed variable