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Microbiology > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

basic components of microscope

A
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2
Q

resolving power

A

shortest distance two objects can be seen

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3
Q

numerical aperture

A

mathematical function; the higher the numerical aperture, the higher the resolving power

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4
Q

oil immersion

A

increase resolution & clarity of microscopic images; place 4 drops of oil at each corner near specimen

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5
Q

parfocal

A

ability to stay concentrated as the user switches objective lenses

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6
Q

calculation of the power

A

eye piece: 10x
objective lenses: 4x, 10x, 100x
multiply eye piece by objective lens

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7
Q

cell configuration

A

how cells are arranged

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8
Q

the microscope in microbiology: bacterias used

A

escherichia coli, staphylococcus epidermidis, bacillus subtilis

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9
Q

the microscope in microbiology: motility

A

cells must be viable & unstained; individual cells that are motile, travel many cell lengths in distances from each other

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10
Q

the microscope in microbiology: motility: what animal can we compare motility to?

A

tadpoles

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11
Q

the microscope in microbiology: are unstained bacteria easy to observe with the microscope and why? what cell configuration did you observe for each organism?

A

no because bacteria may be transparent and must be dyed to be visible
E. Coli: single straight rods
S. epidermidis: single spherical
B. subtilis: single rods, chains, and clusters

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12
Q

autochthonous

A

referring to a microorganism that is native to a location

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13
Q

allochthonous

A

referring to a microorganism that is not native to a site

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14
Q

aerobe

A

microorganism that needs oxygen for growth

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15
Q

anaerobe

A

microorganism that can thrive in environments without any oxygen

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16
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

a microorganism that can grow under aerobic or anaerobic conditions

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17
Q

methods for growing anaerobes

A

anaerobic chamber or glove box, anaerobic jar, roll tube, and thioglycate broth tube

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18
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: methods used

A

air. armpit, throat sink

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19
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: incubation conditions

A

place plate upside down; 37 degrees centigrade for 18-24 hours

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20
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: post-incubation period

A

store at 4 degrees centigrade until the next week

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21
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: sink results

A

hundreds of colonies; large, white, & clumped;

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22
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: mouth results

A

hundreds of colonies; clear, tiny, spread apart

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23
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: armpit results

A

few colonies; big colonies;

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24
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: air results

A

fewest; large, clear

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25
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: Why would the air not produce many colonies

A

microorganism don’t usually live in the air; it doesn’t have water or nutrients

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26
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: T OR F: Anywhere there is moisture microorganisms can be found

A

True

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27
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: microbes that are rare in nature

A

you won’t see all of the possible types; some may need specific pH, temperature, may need oxygen, nutrients (media), transportation errors/ process of collecting, and germs may grow too slowly.

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28
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: did all the microorganisms get sampled during environment

A

no, there are many variations and differences in how microorganisms grow

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29
Q

colony

A

a large group of cells produced from one cell

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30
Q

pure culture

A

culture of only one strain

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31
Q

working under a flame

A

microbiologists work under the flame of a gas burner which provides an updraft so microbes in the air don’t fall inside materials such as tubes and plates

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32
Q

aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: bacteria used

A

escherichia coli
serratia marcescens

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33
Q

aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: 3 different methods

A

agar slant tube, nutrient agar plates, tubes of broth

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34
Q

aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: tubes of broth

A

mix a loopful of bacteria mix into broth tube

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35
Q

aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: agar slant tube

A

mix a loopful of bacteria and touch to the base starting at the lowest point of the slant and wiggle and draw it up from side to side to the highest point

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36
Q

aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: agar nutrient plate

A

important for pure culture; obtain loopful of S. marcescens and make a streak plate; incubate at room temperature

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37
Q

aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: growth

A

cloudy shows growth; clear means no growth

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38
Q

aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: Did all the colonies look identical?

A

No, there was variation in size and remember

39
Q

aeseptic technique

A

method; keeps things free from being infected

40
Q

mixed culture

A

variety of strains; opposite of pure culture

41
Q

contaminant

A

substance that makes something impure

42
Q

aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: how can something become contaminated

A

by not using aeseptic technique; not hand washing, not flaming loop, etc

43
Q

stain or dye

A

organic compound with chromophore group (gives color) and auxochrome group (gives + or - charge)

44
Q

basic dyes

A

crystal violet, safranin red, malachite green, and methylene blue; used in staining because cells have chemical groups with negative groups

45
Q

What is the charge of crystal violet, safranin red, malachite green, and methylene blue?

A

positive

46
Q

simple staining: bacteria used

A

bacillus subtilis
staphylococcus epidermidis
escherichia coli

47
Q

simple staining

A

technique that uses only 1 stain

48
Q

simple staining: what do you think is the purpose of heat-fixing bacteria to a slide for staining?

A

heat fixes so it does not wash off

49
Q

differential staining

A

gram stain & acid-fast or ziehl-neelsen stain

50
Q

structural staining

A

spore stain & flagella stain

51
Q

cell biochemicals that effecting staining

A

peptidoglycan, lipids, and capsule polysaccharide

52
Q

special staining technique: bacteria used

A

escherichia coli
staphylococcus epidermidis
bacillus subtilis (old culture)
klebsiella pneumonia

53
Q

gram positive

A

purple

54
Q

gram negative

A

red

55
Q

T OR F: gram stain is also a “differential staining”

A

true

56
Q

what are you staining in a negative stain

A

the background

57
Q

What drug/bacteria is involved with differential (acid -fast) stain?

A

Escherichia Coli (S. epidermidis)

58
Q

What drug/bacteria is involved with structural stain?

A

B. subtilis

59
Q

What drug/bacteria is involved with negative?

A

Klebsiella

60
Q

special staining: why do we heat fix spore cultures?

A

to kill the spore so we can see the malachite green

61
Q

special staining: What is the purpose and nature of the acid-fast staining procedure which was not done in this lab session?

A

to stain bacteria with tough waxy cell walls

62
Q

acid-fast staining process

A

stain slide with carbon-fuschsin (red) which is retained by acid-fast bacteria, then treated with decolonized (acid alcohol) washing out red stain , then counter-stained with methylene blue and stains non-acid-fast. Acid alcohol - can’t wash out wax wall (tough).
Allows to distinguish between acid-fast and non-acid fast bacteria

63
Q

autoclaving

A

steam under pressure in chamber (121 centrigrade, 15 lb/in^2, 15 minutes minimum) will destroy ALL microbes

64
Q

pasteurization

A

heating in a water bath at 63 centrigrade for 30 minutes and destroys MOST pathogens

65
Q

dry heat

A

baking 160-180 centigrade for 1-2 hours will destroy ALL microbes

66
Q

filtration

A

sterile nitrocellulose filters w .45 um pores are good to remove cells from heat sensitive liquids

67
Q

UV light

A

UV lamps are frequently used to disinfect laboratory surfaces

68
Q

ultrasound

A

high frequency sound is used in machines to clean instruments or break cells, do not sterilize

69
Q

Common Physical Agents: bacteria used

A

E. coli

70
Q

Common Physical Agents: methods of sanitation/sterilization

A

control, sonication, and autoclaving

71
Q

What is the most effective method of microbe destruction?

A

Autoclaving

72
Q

Common Physical Agents: incubation method

A

37 degrees centigrade overnight

73
Q

Common Physical Agents: results of physical agents

A

control: +, showed growth
sonication: +, showed growth
autoclaving: -, did not show growth

74
Q

Common Physical Agents: What types of radiation besides UV light can be used to kill bacteria?

A

autoclaving, pasteurization, dry heat, filtration, & ultrasound

75
Q

disinfectants

A

phenols, chlorine, and glutaraldehyde

76
Q

antiseptics

A

ethanol and isopropanol

77
Q

chemical used for sterilization

A

ethylene oxide gas

78
Q

chemicals that remove/stop microorganisms

A

soaps & detergents

79
Q

Common Chemical Agents: bacteria used

A

e. coli

80
Q

What disinfectant are you able to use on the skin?

A

antiseptic

81
Q

common chemical agents: what do you conclude about the relative effectiveness of the chemical agents you tested

A

soap: nothing
NaCl: nothing
Ethanol: slight effect
Bleach: killed all microorganisms

82
Q

colony count

A

samples of diluted culture are spread over surfaces of agar in petri plates. After incubation the # of colonies can be used to calculate cell concentration

83
Q

petroff-hausser counter

A

engraved grid on microscope slide is used for counting cells in a known volume

84
Q

spectrophotometer

A

cell concentration can be determined in this device by measuring the light absorbed

85
Q

coulter counter

A

cell # and size can be determined in this machine which measures electrical resistance

86
Q

cell mass

A

dry or wet weight gives an estimate of the number of cells

87
Q

metabolic methods

A

oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced can indicate microbial growth

88
Q

Cell Concentration Assay: colony count method: bacteria used

A

E. coli

89
Q

What is the ideal amount of colonies in cell concentration assay?

A

30-300 colonies

90
Q

What is the limit to the concentration?

A

10^7; maybe 10^9

91
Q

Cell Concentration Assay: does this assay method detect every cell body spread on a plate and why?

A

Some could be dead (many generations of bacteria)
If there is a cluster of different bacteria —> will only make one type of colony (can get lost here)

92
Q

Cell Concentration Assay: methods quicker than cell concentration assay

A

Petroff-Hausser counter, coulter counter, spectrophotometer

93
Q

Simple Stain Unknown

A

Bacillus
Negative: Red
Singles, Pairs, Cluster

Microbiology (6 decks)

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