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Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prokaryote

A

single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and has no membrane around genes

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2
Q

eukaryote

A

organism that contains a nucleus and organelles; highly evolved; genes wrapped in membrane

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3
Q

colony

A

big pile of cells visible to the naked eye that come from a single cell and are all identical

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4
Q

strain

A

identical descendants that come from a colony

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5
Q

species

A

not identical strains that have many characteristics that make them common; has a name

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6
Q

E. Coli full name

A

Escherichia Coli

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7
Q

What is the genus & species in E. coli

A

E. = genus
Coli = species

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8
Q

genus

A

many species that have a name

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9
Q

type strains

A

used for reference; compares known with unknown

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10
Q

culture collections

A

ATCC: American Type Culture Collections

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11
Q

Bergey’s Manual

A

Encyclopedia of organisms

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12
Q

Ecology

A

Where a microorganism is found

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13
Q

Shape

A

What shape a microorganism is formed in

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14
Q

Biochemistry

A

What a microorganism likes to eat

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15
Q

Antibody Binding

A

Antibodies bind to a conformational shape on the surface of antigens; usually done in a hospital lab

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16
Q

Size of Prokaryote

A

Small

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17
Q

Size of Eukaryote

A

Larger; An amoeba is a whale to a bacteria (prokaryote)

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18
Q

Metabolic Rate

A

How quickly fuels (such as sugars) are broken down to keep the organism running.

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19
Q

T OR F: Metabolic Rate Increases as surface volume increases?

A

True

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20
Q

Surface/Volume Ratio

A

Limits cell size because the bigger the cell gets, the less surface area it has for its size.

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21
Q

How often do E. Coli divide?

A

E. Coli divide every 20 minutes

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22
Q

How often do cells in the intestinal tract divide?

A

Cells in the intestinal tract divide once every 24 hours

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23
Q

Cocci

A

Prokaryotic; Spherical; O

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24
Q

Diplococci

A

Prokaryotic; 2 spheres together: OO

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25
Q

What is the most famous diplococci?

A

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

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26
Q

Streptococci

A

Prokaryotic; Chains of spheres: OOOOOOO

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27
Q

What is the cause of strep throat?

A

Streptococcus Pyogenes

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28
Q

Tetrads

A

Prokaryotic; Group of four: 88

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29
Q

What tetrad likes groups of four and does not cause sickness?

A

Gaffkya Tetragena

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30
Q

Clusters

A

Most famous arrangement; Genetic building blocks of bacteria.

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31
Q

What bacteria is a form of MRSA, kills 1/4 people in the US, & has no cure?

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

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32
Q

Bacilli

A

Prokaryotic; Rod Shaped

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33
Q

Bacillus Anthracis

A

Rod shaped; Known as Anthrax; Naturally occurs

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34
Q

Spirochetes

A

Prokaryotic; Spiral Shaped

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35
Q

What is the most famous spirochete and what is the common name?

A

Treponema Pallidum; Known as syphilis.

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36
Q

What prokaryotic shape of bacteria is unusual?

A

Prokaryotic; Square bacteria

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37
Q

T OR F: Square Bacteria cause disease.

A

False

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38
Q

Where do square bacteria grow?

A

They grow in H2O w/ high salt content

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39
Q

Coccobacillus

A

Prokaryotic; In between a rod (bacillus) and a sphere (cocci) : short rod

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40
Q

What is the most famous coccobacillus?

A

Brucella

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41
Q

Who studies brucella?

A

The Department of Agriculture

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42
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Prokaryotic; All different shapes

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43
Q

Examples of Pleomorphism

A

Amoebas

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44
Q

What is a mycoplasm

A

A pleomorphism; bacteria that can feel like a cold

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45
Q

Hypha

A

Eukaryotic; thread-like; cars in a train

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46
Q

How can we see Hyphae?

A

To see 1: Microscope. To see many: Visible to the naked eye.

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47
Q

Mycelia

A

Eukaryotic; Pile of filaments

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48
Q

T OR F: Fungi can be filaments or yeast.

A

True

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49
Q

What shape are yeasts?

A

Eukaryotic; Egg-Shaped

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50
Q

Saccharomyces

A

Eukaryotic; Make bread & wine

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51
Q

T OR F: Saccharomyces cause disease.

A

False

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52
Q

Dimorphism

A

able to produce hyphae or yeast

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53
Q

T OR F: Protozoa are all different shapes

A

True

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54
Q

Protozoa

A

Eukaryotic; One-celled organisms

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55
Q

Algae

A

Eukaryotic; One-celled organisms

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56
Q

What are multiple algae called?

A

Filaments

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57
Q

What is the only algae infection?

A

Protothecosis

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58
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Prokaryotic cell wall component; made of polymer

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59
Q

T OR F: Phospholipids are a cell wall component of both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells.

A

True

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60
Q

Porosity

A

Ability to allow things in

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61
Q

Gram positive Cell Wall

A

Cytoplasmic Membrane –> Wall –> THICK peptidoglycan

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62
Q

Gram negative Cell Wall

A

Cytoplasmic Membrane –> THIN peptidoglycan –> lipid polysaccharide

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63
Q

Pilus

A

spike of protein; attached to prokaryotic cell wall

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64
Q

Fimbriae

A

Help bacteria attach; smaller and more common

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65
Q

Sex Pili

A

In prokaryotes; 1 or 2; transfer DNA from 1 cell to another

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66
Q

Fungal Wall

A

Eukaryotic cell wall component; made of chitin

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67
Q

T OR F: Chitin is a eukaryotic cell wall component made up off n-acetlylglucosaminex repeated over and over again.

A

True

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68
Q

Algal Wall

A

Eukaryotic cell wall component; made of cellulose

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69
Q

Pectin

A

Eukaryotic cell component; A soluble fiber; able to buy in stores; makes jellies

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70
Q

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

A

Eukaryotic cell component; Shell made of glass

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71
Q

T OR F: Unit membranes are only in prokaryotes

A

False; Unit membrane is a structure of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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72
Q

Unit Membrane

A

2 layers of membrane; like a sandwich

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73
Q

Mesosome

A

Prokaryotic; Involved with cell wall synthesis and DNA

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74
Q

T OR F: Thylakoids and Chlorosomes are bacteria that can do photosynthesis

A

True

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75
Q

Sterol

A

Eukaryotic; Steroid; group of chemicals

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76
Q

Pellicle

A

Layer of protozoa that gives them their shape

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77
Q

T OR F: Calcium Carbonate makes up the shell of some protozoa

A

True

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78
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

membrane within a eukaryotic cell; holds ribosomes and transports

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79
Q

T OR F: ER is famous for synthesis

A

True

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80
Q

Miscellaneous contents in prokaryotes

A

Enzymes, chemicals compounds, ribosomes

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81
Q

Svedburg Unit

A

A measure of a particle’s size indirectly based on its sedimentation rate under acceleration (70s)

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82
Q

Nucleoid

A

Prokaryotic; Area of the cell where we find DNA; circle in nucleus

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83
Q

Plasmids

A

Prokaryotic; small circles of DNA

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84
Q

Inclusion Bodies

A

Prokaryotic; non-living chemical particles of aggregated protein

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85
Q

Granules/Crystals

A

Prokaryotic; used for storage

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86
Q

Miscellaneous content in Eukaryotes

A

Chemical compounds, enzymes, ribosomes (may be stuck to ER)

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87
Q

Organelles

A

Eukaryotic; Structures in a cell; Nucleus; visible under regular microscope

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88
Q

Nucleus

A

Eukaryotic; able to see under microscope

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89
Q

Histones

A

protein in nucleus

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90
Q

Nucleolus

A

darker spot in nucleus; synthesis of RNA

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91
Q

Plasmids

A

Eukaryotic; DNA molecule

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92
Q

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

A

Energy producers

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93
Q

Golgi bodies

A

Membrane stacks; pancake like

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94
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

Eukaryotic; Ability to create rivers of fluid that allow material to move quickly through the cell

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95
Q

Ultracentrifuge

A

Separates particles and molecules based on their density

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96
Q

Phototrophs

A

make chemical compounds using energy from light

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97
Q

Autotrophs

A

Like naturally occurring chemicals that contain energy ex. Sulfur

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98
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Able to break down big molecules like sugar

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99
Q

Reproduction

A

helps organisms suceed

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100
Q

Binary Fission

A

asexual; organism gets big then splits

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101
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

offspring produced by 1 single parents

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102
Q

Haploid

A

only 1 copy of genetic material

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103
Q

Sporulation

A

method of survival; bacterium turn into spores under extreme conditions

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104
Q

Endospore

A

Spore inside mother cell

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105
Q

Bacillus and Clostridium

A

producers of spores

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106
Q

T OR F: Clostridium is famous in healthcare

A

True

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107
Q

Budding

A

Yeast pops off smaller babies

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108
Q

Symbioses

A

Interactions between cells

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109
Q

Endosymbiotic Relationships

A

Organism grows in another

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110
Q

Ectosymbiotic Relationship

A

organism attaches to another

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111
Q

Mutualism

A

both members benefit

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112
Q

Commensalism

A

only 1 member benefits

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113
Q

Parasitic

A

1 individual is harmed

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114
Q

Motility

A

ways to get around

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115
Q

Chemotaxis

A

movement to or away from a chemical; response

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116
Q

Swarming

A

billions of bacteria migrate together; dangerous

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117
Q

Proteus

A

causes UTI; swarmer; genus of gram-negative bacteria

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118
Q

Pseudomonas

A

swarmer

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119
Q

Flagella

A

protein filament that moves bacteria around

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120
Q

Peritrichous

A

Cell covered in flagella

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121
Q

Monotrichous

A

cell has 1 flagella

122
Q

Lophotrichous

A

1 flagella at 1 end

123
Q

Amphitrichous

A

1 flagella at either end

124
Q

Spirochetes/Axial Filaments

A

Turn like a screw

125
Q

Gliding bacteria

A

move like a snail

126
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Photosynthetic bacteria; blue green algae

127
Q

Flagella

A

1 in Eukaryotes

128
Q

Cilia

A

short flagella

129
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

fluid in a cell

130
Q

T OR F: Amoebas use cytoplasmic streaming to move

A

True

131
Q

Endoplasm

A

inside

132
Q

Ectoplasm

A

Outside

133
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Foot-like

134
Q

Compound

A

multiple lenses

135
Q

brightfield

A

circle of bright light

136
Q

objective lense

A

piece closest to the specimen (10x, 40x, 100x)

137
Q

Ocular Lense

A

Lens you look through (eyepiece)

138
Q

Real Image

A

picture the microscope sees

139
Q

Virtual Image

A

Picture Imagined by your brain

140
Q

Magnification

A

power

141
Q

Resolving Power

A

shortest distance 2 objects can be seen

142
Q

Numerical Aperture

A

Mathematical function; The higher numerical aperture the better resolving power

143
Q

Wavelength

A

determines visibility

144
Q

T OR F: Blue and Violet make the worst picture

A

False; actually the opposite

145
Q

Refractive Index

A

Light refracting off lense in all directions

146
Q

Condenser and Diaphragm

A

allows a specific amount of light in

147
Q

Dyes

A

chemical that gives cells color

148
Q

Chromophore group

A

Gives dye its color

149
Q

Auxochrome group

A

makes dye stick to cell

150
Q

T OR F: Cells are covered w carboxyl group

A

True

151
Q

Basic Dyes

A

Crystal Violet. Safranin. Malachite green, Methylene Blue

152
Q

Simple Staining

A

1 dye

153
Q

Complex Staining

A

sees characteristics of cells

154
Q

Differential staining

A

more than 1 dye used to see differences in cells

155
Q

Acid-Fast stain

A

identifies acid fast (or non-acid fast) organisms

156
Q

Mycobacterium

A

Acid Fast; tuberculosis

157
Q

Acid-Fast Staining

A

Primary Stain: carbol-fuschin (red)
Decolorizer: acid alcohol
Counterstain (secondary stain): methylene blue

158
Q

Gram Stain

A

Determines gram + and gram - stains

159
Q

Gram Stain process

A

Primary stain: Crystal violet
Mordant: Iodine
Decolorizer: Alcohol
Counterstain (secondary stain): Safranin

160
Q

Darkfield Microscopy

A

light bounces off the object to the eye

161
Q

Darkfield condensor

A

Produces circle of light

162
Q

Negative staining

A

stains behind cells; not actual cells

163
Q

Phase Contrast Microscopy

A

Special Condensors and Objectives: increase contrast between cell parts
LightRays: direct-pass through indirect-retarded/affected by light

164
Q

Bright Phase Microscopy

A

Brighter Image

165
Q

Dark Phase microscopy

A

Darker image

166
Q

T OR F: Fluorescent Microscopy is important w disease and diagnoses

A

True

167
Q

Fluorescent Microscopy

A

Fluorochrome: increased wavelength when light beam bounces off
Ex) auramine o, acridine orange, fluorescein, rhodamine, ethidium bromide

168
Q

Fluorescent Microscope

A

Darkfield microscope that makes UV light
Mercury Lamp: UV, Violet, Bluelight
Immunofluorescence: Antibodies bind to germ
Dyes: fluorescein, isothiocyanate (green), rhodamine (yellow.

169
Q

Electron Microscope

A

Most powerful
Vacuum: specimen is dead and dried
Electron beam: light bulb; through machine
Electromagnetic Coils: brings a specific focus
Fluorescent Screen: helps someone see the picture

170
Q

EM Types

A

Transmission EM (2D) & Scanning EM (3D)

171
Q

Preparation types for EM

A

Chemicals Used: Fixing- osmium tetroxide or glutaraldehyde Staining-uranyl acetate, lead citrate, or lead hydroxide Coating-platinum

172
Q

Whole Mount for EM

A

for small specimen

173
Q

Copper Grid for EM

A

Holds sample; diameter of pencil eraser; background coated (negative stain)

174
Q

Metal Stains for EM

A

Coats Specimen (positive stain)

175
Q

Shadow casting for EM

A

Metal atoms sprayed at an angle on specimen

176
Q

Ultrathin Sectioning for EM

A

Thin Section of Specimen

177
Q

Ultramicrotome for EM

A

Small thin section of specimen

178
Q

Freeze Fracturing for EM

A

Sample is frozen, cracked, sprayed w metal then a mold is made

179
Q

Sterilization

A

removal of all life forms

180
Q

disinfection

A

Removal of all vegetative life (Cells)

181
Q

disinfectant

A

agent; method to killing germs; cant kill spores

182
Q

Antiseptic

A

Disinfectants gentle enough to use on body

183
Q

Aseptic technique

A

Method that keeps things free from being infected

184
Q

Moist Heat

A

Method that uses steam/baking and causes coagulation of molecules

185
Q

Autoclaving

A

Method that steams under pressure and is a type of sterilization; 120 degrees centigrade with 15lb of pressure per square inch; like a pressure cooker

186
Q

Pasteurization

A

Method Kills vegetative pathogens at 60 degree centigrade for 10 minutes; used for liquids like milk where most germs die but not all

187
Q

Dry Heat

A

Method that dehydrates cells and kills them 180 degrees centigrade for 2 hours; sterilizes scalpels

188
Q

Extreme Cold

A

Method for preservation; kills some cells and stops some cells from growing

189
Q

Lyophilization or Freeze Drying

A

modern method of preservation of degradable material; quick freeze then vacuumed; turns liquid to gas & dehydrates cells

190
Q

Filtration

A

Methods of removing certain cells

191
Q

Nitrocellulose Filters

A

Most common; doest not allow germ cells through

192
Q

Radiation

A

causes mutations

193
Q

Ultraviolet Light

A

Causes skin cancer; good for non porous surfaces; found in nature

194
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A

penetrates germs and makes disposable medical supplies sterile

195
Q

Phenols

A

Are antiseptic

196
Q

Lysol

A

main ingredient in antiseptics; destroys proteins and enzymes; harsh on the body

197
Q

Camphophenique

A

mineral oil w phenol good for bug bites

198
Q

Alcohols

A

Isopropanol (common rubbing) and ethanol (drinking)

199
Q

Halogens

A

Inactive sulfhydro groups

200
Q

Iodine and Chlorine

A

Damage sulfhydro groups (chlorine is an important weapon)

201
Q

Peroxide

A

H2O2 Hydrogen Peroxide used on cuts

202
Q

Surface Active Agents

A

Increase miscibility of molecules

203
Q

Miscibility

A

Molecules ability to mix

204
Q

Soaps

A

Enable oil and water to mix; Sodium or Potassium salts of fatty acids

205
Q

Detergents

A

synthetic; hydrophobic & hydrophilic ends

206
Q

Alkylating Agents

A

Formaldehyde, Formalin (antimicrobial agent), and glutaraldehyde (alkyl group that gets added to amino acids to kill cells)

207
Q

Ethylene Oxide

A

Sterilizes disposable products

208
Q

Heavy Metals

A

Hg, Ag, Pb, Cd, and Zn (may all be toxic)

209
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Chemicals to kill germs not patient

210
Q

Antibiotics

A

made by microorganisms to kill/inhibit

211
Q

Bacillus and Streptomyces

A

bacteria

212
Q

Penicillium and Cephalosporium

A

Fungi

213
Q

Antibiotic Characteristic: Broad Spectrum

A

works against gram + and - bacteria

214
Q

Antibiotic Characteristic: Narrow Spectrum

A

very powerful but only against few species

215
Q

Antibiotic Characteristic: Bactericidal

A

Kill bacteria

216
Q

Antibiotic Characteristic: Bacteriostatic

A

Slow/Stop growth of germ; don’t kill streptomysin

217
Q

Indirect Toxicity

A

Allergy

218
Q

Direct Toxicity

A

Destruction of Sensitive Tissue

219
Q

Topic Use

A

on the skin

220
Q

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

A

not toxic to humans

221
Q

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Peptidoglycan

A

Penicillin and Cephalosporin (treats ranges of infections)

222
Q

Inhibitors of Cell Membrane Function

A

Amphotericin B: binds to sterol and fungal membrane; treats fungal infections
Polymyxins: acts a cationic detergent against bacteria

223
Q

Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Streptomycin

A

aminoglycoside antibiotic; treats TB

224
Q

Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Chloramphenicol

A

Acts as an antibiotic

225
Q

Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Tetracycline

A

Goes into bone; turns bone yellow; popular in dentistry

226
Q

Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Rifampicin

A

Interferes w/ RNA polymerase; bacteria

227
Q

Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Griseofulvin

A

For fungi; prescribed for really bad infections

228
Q

Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: 5-iodo-2-dyoxyuridine (azidothymidine: AZT)

A

1st discovered chemical to inhibit AIDS

229
Q

Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Acyclovir

A

Herpes; slows polymerase and decreases severity

230
Q

Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Interferon

A

Part of the immune system; tells uninfected cells to protect themselves

231
Q

Antimetabolites: Sulfanimide

A

Chemical used like an antibiotic; interferes w/ synthesis of Folic acid

232
Q

T OR F: Cells need folic acid to live

A

True

233
Q

Antibiotics in Animal Feed

A

Biggest use of antibiotics; helps animals grow bigger faster and healthier

234
Q

Impermeability

A

Aware of the grown resistance

235
Q

Mutations

A

Growing faster; change in DNA sequence of organism

236
Q

Plasmids

A

Natural “antibiotic” resistance

237
Q

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (Tube Dilution Antibody Disc Test)

A

Series of tubes w different concentration of products to see which tubes show growth

238
Q

Disc Diffusion

A

Isolating germs on petri dish, swab petri dish w antibiotics, look for zone w no growth

239
Q

Growth in prokaryotes

A

1 cell, eats, gets big, splits in half

240
Q

Single Cell studies

A

watching 1 cell until it splits

241
Q

Synchronized Cultures

A

watching big group of cells

242
Q

Environmental manipulations: temperature

A

raising and lowering temp

243
Q

Environmental manipulations: Photosynthesis

A

adding and removing light to slow or speed photosynthesis

244
Q

Environmental manipulations: germination

A

Making spores and then putting them in a new media

245
Q

Environmental manipulations: Starvation

A

lack of food then adding food and so on

246
Q

Membrane Filter

A

organisms grow and are rinsed on membrane filter new cells stay old cells go

247
Q

Density Configuration

A

Old and young cells are separated by density

248
Q

Cell Envelope and Division in Cocci:

A

Wall bands: belly button Wall notch: indentation Septum: wall that divides two cells

249
Q

Cell envelope and division in Rod shaped bacteria

A

Multiple Sites: Septum: Wall that divides 2 cells Minicells: Don’t have genes

250
Q

Growth in Eukaryotes

A

G1: prep S: DNA translation G2: migration of nucleus M: Mitosis

251
Q

Media

A

food for microorganisms

252
Q

Broth

A

Liquid; sometimes edible

253
Q

Agar

A

Semisolid food for microorganisms derived from kelp

254
Q

Population Growth

A

group of cells

255
Q

batch culture

A

large number of bacteria; closed system

256
Q

Lag phase

A

Time to adjust to new environment

257
Q

Logarithmic Or Exponential Phase

A

Growth that happens quickly

258
Q

Stationary Phase

A

Tube may be polluted; growth slows

259
Q

Death and Decline phase

A

Cells start dying off

260
Q

Geometric or Exponential Growth

A

starts with 1 bacteria and continues doubling 1–>2–>4–>8 etc.

261
Q

Doubling time or generation time

A

Time needed to double

262
Q

Continuous Culture

A

open system ex) creek

263
Q

Chemostat

A

makes continuous culture

264
Q

Turbidostat

A

Computer controlled to determine what the specimen needs to stay alive

265
Q

Hyperbolic Curve

A

Not enough food; cell that lack food decrease in size

266
Q

Structural Changes w starvation

A

Limit to growth even w infinite food

267
Q

Diauxic curve

A

giving new food once the other stops showing grother

268
Q

Shift Up experiment

A

Sudden enrichment of food

269
Q

Shift down experiment

A

sudden disenrichment of food

270
Q

Biomass

A

measured growth and weight

271
Q

Bioessay

A

Detects substance and determines toxicity of chemicals by looking at growth of living material

272
Q

Petroff-Hausser counter

A

3 inch long slide with graph paper, adding a drop of liquid and counting bacteria on one square and input into equation

273
Q

Colony Count

A

counts live cells

274
Q

Spread plate technique

A

Spreading sample on plate of agar

275
Q

Pour tube technique

A

Sample put into melted agar and grows

276
Q

Coulter Counter

A

Hospital method to measure electrical resistance; determines cell size and number

277
Q

Photometer or Spectrophotmeter

A

Group of machines that use light

278
Q

Colorimeter

A

Tube goes in machine with samples and light reaches the sample. What ever light gets through hits the photodetector and gives a number that determines the clarity of specimen

279
Q

Optical Density

A

Cloudiness of a specimen

280
Q

Cell Mass

A

how heavy cells are

281
Q

chemical methods

A

measures chemical found in ATP which can measure live cells

282
Q

Metabolic Method

A

measures how much of a natural chemical is used

283
Q

BODtrak

A

measures H2O in sample

284
Q

Factors Affecting Growth: Temperature

A

Organisms prefer certain temperatures

285
Q

Psychrophiles

A

Organisms that prefer cold temps (frozen to 20 degrees centigrade)

286
Q

Thermophiles

A

Organisms that prefer heat (40-100 degrees centigrade)

287
Q

Mesophiles

A

Organisms that grow in midrange temperature (25-40 degrees centigrade)

288
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Concentration of Molecules

289
Q

Halophiles

A

organisms that love salt

290
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

pressure on a column of water at the top and bottom of the column

291
Q

Barbiology

A

study of hydrostatic pressure

292
Q

Barotolerant

A

organisms that grow under low pressure but can tolerate higher pressures

293
Q

Barophilic

A

Organisms that grow under high pressure

294
Q

Facultative Barophiles

A

Organisms that grow under low and high pressures

295
Q

Alkalophiles

A

organisms that love high pH environments

296
Q

Neutrophiles

A

organisms that love pH environments between 4 and 9

297
Q

Acidophiles

A

organisms that love low pH environments

298
Q

OxidationReduction (Eh)

A

important for life; measurable by machine

299
Q

Sulfhydryl Groups

A

chemicals that consist of sulfur and hydrogen

300
Q

Low pH

A

associated w low Eh

301
Q

Anaerobic Environment

A

lacks O2; low Eh and pH

302
Q

Plas-Labs

A

anaerobic chambers

Microbiology (6 decks)

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