QUIZ 1

Question 1

Basic Research

Answer 1

Conducted for knowledge’s sake.

Evaluates theories and answers empirical questions.
Little emphasis on real-world applications.

explores the “why” and “how” of natural phenomena to expand our scientific understanding, without immediate practical applications.

Question 2

Applied Research

Answer 2

Focuses on addressing real-world problems or developing practical solutions based on existing knowledge and principles.

Overlaps with basic research and informs each other

example– developing educational technology tools to enhance learning outcomes.

Question 3

Four Goals of Science

Answer 3

Description: What happens in a given situation.
Variability: How people differ or respond to different situations.
Explanation: Why events occur and why people respond differently.
Prediction: Making hypotheses about when and how events will occur.
Control: Changing behavior or conditions to improve outcomes (highest level).

Question 4

Method of Authority

Answer 4

Consulting authoritative sources or experts.
Useful for generating hypotheses and theories.

Question 5

Empirical Explanations

Answer 5

Based on systematic observations and data.
Scientific explanations are empirical and testable.

Question 6

Primary Sources

Answer 6

Full research reports with method details

Question 7

Secondary Sources

Answer 7

Summarize information from primary sources

Question 8

Correlational Research

Answer 8

Examines relationships between variables.
Doesn’t imply causality.

Question 9

Experimental Research

Answer 9

Manipulate one variable to see if it causes a change in another variable

Possible to infer causality

Question 10

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Answer 10

Resemble experiments but lack a true independent variable.
Often used when randomization is impractical or unethical.
Cannot establish causality.

like experiments but not as controlled. They’re used when it’s hard to control all the variables

Question 11

Internal Validity

Answer 11

Concerns the quality of the study.
Address alternative explanations for findings.

Question 12

Probability Sampling

Answer 12

Simple Random Sampling, Stratified Random Sampling, Oversampling.

Question 13

Simple Random Sampling

Answer 13

Randomly select a sample from the population
- E.g., Random digit dialing
- Reduces systematic bias, but does not guarantee a representative sample it’s all based on chance

Question 14

Stratified Random Sampling

Answer 14

Population is divided into demographic strata
- A random sample taken from each stratum in proportion to the makeup of the population

Question 15

Oversampling

Answer 15

Population divided into demographic strata
- A random sample is taken from each stratum
- Equally sized random samples are drawn from each stratum
different from stratified random sampling because some groups may be over/under represented

Question 16

Cluster Sampling

Answer 16

Used when populations are very large
- The unit of sampling is a group rather than individuals
o A whole class instead of a student

Question 17

Temporal sequencing

Answer 17

chronological order in which events or actions occur. It involves understanding the sequence or timing of events, where one event happens before or after another.

Question 18

Covariation

Answer 18

when one thing changes, another thing changes along with it. It’s about observing how two or more things tend to go up or down together.

Question 19

Unsystematic Observation

Answer 19

observation of everyday behavior

Watching people in a park and noting the different activities they engage in without a specific plan or checklist

Question 20

Systematic Observation

Answer 20

Planned observation of real-world behavior

Counting the number of students who raise their hands to answer questions in a classroom

Question 21

Tentative

Answer 21

They’re never accepted as absolutely correct

conclusions that are not firmly established and may require further research or evidence to confirm

Question 22

Parsimonious

Answer 22

Provide the simplest explanation using the fewest possible assumptions

Question 23

Statistical Significance

Answer 23

p < .05 is good

Question 24

Confirmational Strategy

Answer 24

Straightforward test of a prediction from a theory

Question 25

Disconfirmational Strategy

Answer 25

Focus on a result that, according to the theory, should not occur and try to see if you can get it to happen

Question 26

Strong Inference

Answer 26

Design an experiment where if the results turn out one way, it supports theory A and if it turns out the other way it supports theory B

Putting two theories against each other

Question 27

Covariation

Answer 27

Changes in the cause correspond to changes in the effect

Question 28

Directionality problem

Answer 28

a situation in which it is unclear which variable in an association came first

Question 29

3rd variable problem

Answer 29

When two variables correlate it might be because there both caused by a third variable

Question 30

The Golden Rule of experimental design

Answer 30

Change one thing at a time

Question 31

Extraneous Variables

Answer 31

any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study

Question 32

External Validity

Answer 32

how well the findings of a study can be applied to or represent the real world and different situations or people.

whether the study’s results can be trusted beyond the specific conditions it was conducted in.

Question 33

External validity is threatened by

Answer 33

Factors that make the research setting unlike the “real world”

Problems with the sample for your study