EXAM 3

Question 1

Experimental variables

Answer 1

Manipulate an independent variable
Must have at least two levels

Question 2

Confounding variables

Answer 2

type of extraneous variable that covaries with your IV
Provide alternative explanation for findings
Biggest threat to internal validity in an experiment

Question 3

Extraneous variables

Answer 3

individual differences in physical and mental states, environmental concerns
Related to DV
As extraneous changes, DV changes
Not the thing you are studying

Question 4

Research designs

Answer 4

Only have measured– correlational design
could lead to quasi
Only have manipulated– experimental design
Can be a within subjects design (when people receive every condition)
Could also be a between subjects design– randomized and matched

Question 5

Randomized

Answer 5

utilizes random assignment
Relies on chance
More people you have, more beneficial it is to use

Question 6

Matched

Answer 6

guarantees that groups will be equivalent on the characteristics you use for match
Placing people into groups that score similar in extraneous variable
If you are worried about an extraneous variable– choose matched or within subjects design

Question 7

Correlational research

Answer 7

predicting that there will be a relationships
Specify the relationship you are expecting

Question 8

Quasi experimental design

Answer 8

you can not infer causality

Question 9

Experimental research

Answer 9

IV is under control and DV is measured
Hypothesis is a prediction for how the IV affects the DV

Question 10

Factorial designs

Answer 10

more than one independent variable
Each condition is a combination of levels of the IV

Question 11

Internal validity

Answer 11

quality of your study
Can you trust the findings
Traditionally defined as how close you can get to causality
Are there alternative explanations for your findings?

Question 12

External validity

Answer 12

can you generalize the findings you get to other people and other situations
Threatened by
Factors that make the research setting unlike the real world
Problems with the sample of your study– not representative of the population

Question 13

Probability sampling

Answer 13

probability of selecting person in the population is known

Question 14

Simple random sampling

Answer 14

everybody is in a pot and you grab them at random

Question 15

Stratified random sampling

Answer 15

researchers divide subjects into subgroups called strata based on characteristics that they share (e.g., race, gender, education level)
each subgroup is randomly sampled using another probability sampling method.

Question 16

Oversampling

Answer 16

equal number of each group

Question 17

Cluster sampling

Answer 17

select groups at random from population