Quiz #1

Question 1

Which eras of technology have composite tools?

Answer 1

Neandertals era

Question 2

physical traits (skeletal shape) quadrupedal
apes

Answer 2

Foreamen Magnum is in back of skull, spine has 1 big curve, long and straight pelvis, really long arms and fingers, cannot fully straightne legs, deveiated great toe.

Question 3

physical traits (skeletal shape) bipedal hominins

Answer 3

Foreamen Magnum balance under skull, spine has series of curves, bowl shaped pelvis, long legs and short arms, push of with toe.

Question 4

What are the physical adaptations associated with bipedalism?

Answer 4

Straightening of legs, loss of great grasping toe, skeletal structure more designed to balance weight on hips.

Question 5

What are
advantages and disadvantages of bipedalism compared to quadrupedalism?

Answer 5

Frees arms and hands up for carrying, move more efficently, higher eyes better adapted for savannah but loss of climbing abilities.

Question 6

What do we know about hunting of H erectus, H heidelbergensis, and Neandertals?

Answer 6

H. erectus and H. hedielbergensis likely scavengers bc tools not evolved for big game hunting. Neandertals big game hunters used ambush hunting.

Question 7

When do the
first weapons show up and what were they like?

Answer 7

Lomekwian 3.3 mya in Africa. Stone artifacts include cores, flakes, anvils, and percussors.

Question 8

How do weapons change over time?

Answer 8

Stone tools become easier to carry as migration out of Africa then neandertals used spears and javelins. Hand tools become sharper bc of soft hammer percussion.

Question 9

What other
information do we have about Neandertal behavior?

Answer 9

Cared for group members and possibly intentionally buried others. Possible cannibalism.

Question 10

Feature

Answer 10

Man-made, not portable.

Question 11

Set of methods and ideas that archeologists use in their survey and excavation projects.

Answer 11

Reasearch Design

Question 12

Study of human cultural and biological evolution by archeologists and biological anthropologists.

Answer 12

Paleoanthropology

Question 13

Study of human past through material culture.

Answer 13

Archeology

Question 14

Discipline that uses the study of behaviors of living people to better understand past patterns in the use of cultural materials, site organization, and settlement systems.

Answer 14

Ethnoarcheology

Question 15

Field of study which attempts to generate and test archaeological hypotheses, usually by replicating or approximating the feasibility of ancient cultures performing various tasks or feats.

Answer 15

Experimental Archeology

Question 16

Location of past human activity where material evidence of it remains.

Answer 16

Archeological Site

Question 17

Spatial and temporal associations among physical evidence of past human activity.

Answer 17

Context

Question 18

Classification system; divides animals into categories based on evoloutionary relationships.

Answer 18

Taxonomy

Question 19

a primate of a group that includes humans, their fossil ancestors, and the anthropoid apes.

Answer 19

Hominoid

Question 20

Generic term for the tribe taxonomic category of Hominini; includes humans and their ancestors.

Answer 20

Hominin

Question 21

Non-honing chewing and bipedalism.

Answer 21

Hominin Characteristics

Question 22

Mineralized bone.

Answer 22

Fossil

Question 23

Natural/Cultural processes that affect archeological sites. (Animals, weather, erosion.)

Answer 23

Taphonomy

Question 24

Man-made (not naturally occuring) and portable.

Answer 24

Artifact

Question 25

Seeds, wood charcoal. Reconstructing plant use. Also animals, birds, fish.

Answer 25

Macrofauna & Botanicals

Question 26

Mice, moles, and snails, small beads, tiny stone artifcats.

Answer 26

Microfauna & Botanicals

Question 27

Discover and inventory sites by taking note of location and basic characteristics of sites.

Answer 27

Site Survey

Question 28

Sub-surface survey. (Tests pits/ coring)

Answer 28

Shovel Probes/Tests

Question 29

Technology such as satelite images, ground-penetrating radar, and LiDAR to aid in location of archeological sites.

Answer 29

Remote Sensing

Question 30

Dating that provids sequecne "older" pr "younger", not clander dates.

Answer 30

Relative Dates

Question 31

Absolute dating, Calander dates for events.

Answer 31

Chronometric Dates

Question 32

Layers or levels at an archeological site.

Answer 32

Stratigraphy

Question 33

Relative dating method: frequency of artifcats or styles constructs chronlogy of "older than" younger than" based on popularity.

Answer 33

Seriation

Question 34

Dating techniques that use rate of decay os specific radioactive isotopes into stable isotopes over time. (Uses H-L)

Answer 34

Radiometric Decay

Question 35

Absolute dating method uses decay rate of carbon -14 to calc. age of organic materials found at sites. (Can be used for past 50,000ys)

Answer 35

Radiocarbon Dating

Question 36

Radiometric dating tecnique that provides absolute dates based on H-L decay rate of ^40 K (Potassium) into the radioactive isotope ^40 Ar (Argon.) (100,000 ya to Hundreds of mya)

Answer 36

Potassium-Argon Dating

Question 37

Being able to both walk on the ground and to climb in the trees.

Answer 37

Optional Bipedalism

Question 38

Evolutionary shift to walking primarily on two legs.

Answer 38

Habitual Bipedalism

Question 39

Opening in skull where the spinal column joins the head.

Answer 39

Foramen Magnum

Question 40

For panins and hominins which likely lived sometime between 6.3 and 5.4 mys.

Answer 40

Last Common Ancestor

Question 41

Reps. situation in which natural selection acts at different rates of change on various parts of the body.

Answer 41

Mosaic Evolution

Question 42

2.6 mya - 200,00 ya. includes oldowan and achuelian technologies.

Answer 42

Early Stone Age

Question 43

Term for period between 300,000 to 50,000 ya ago in Africa. (Evidence for ornimaentation, art, bone tools, stone points, shellfish in diet costal)

Answer 43

Middle Stone Age

Question 44

Term used for period between 250,000 and 39,000 ya in W. Eurasia. (Assoc. w/ Neandertals)

Answer 44

Middle Paleolithic (Europe)

Question 45

A rock that it is hit with a hammerstone to produce flakes.

Answer 45

Core

Question 46

A piece of rock hit or broken off a core.

Answer 46

Flake

Question 47

Hard stone used to strike flakes off a smaller stone.

Answer 47

Hammerstone

Question 48

A type of prehistoric stone implement flaked on both faces.

Answer 48

Biface

Question 49

Levallois; core is shaped in a way that allows removal of thin, well-shaped flake.

Answer 49

Prepared Core

Question 50

Not able to go big game hunting.

Answer 50

Scavenging Among Hominins

Question 51

Geological Epoch (Ice Ages) beginning 2.6 mya lasting until 10,000ya; the first stone tools appear just before the beginning.

Answer 51

Pleistocence

Question 52

1.8 mya Tanzania. Olduvai Hominid number 7. ] The early humans found at Olduvai were bipedal tool makers, with brains not as big as ours, but larger than those of modern chimps, our closest primate relatives

Answer 52

Olduvai Gorge

Question 53

A thousand miles north of Olduvai, it has exposed sediments that are over a million years older. Lucy skeleton,Ethiopia, 3.2 mya and Australopithecus, the next earlier phase of human evolution, and they are bipeds( relatively small brains, and no evidence, so far, of any stone tool use.)

Answer 53

Hadar Site

Question 54

Australopithecus, 3.75 mya.

Answer 54

Aramis

Question 55

Tanzania site that had Australopithecus afarensis fossils + trail of fossilized footprints.

Answer 55

Laetoli

Question 56

Great Rift Valley, 5'3" but only 8 years old. Earliest human skeleton found ever (Homo erectus) Wider hips and longer arms with modern body. Fast growth rate.

Answer 56

Nariokotome

Question 57

Lower Paleolithic archeological site in Spain w/ deposits containg choppers and flakes as early as 1 mya; fossil hominins (Homo Erectus) found here 800,000ya. (Evidence for Cannibalism)

Answer 57

Gran Dolina

Question 58

Cave site of many Neandertals. Evidence of cannibalism and intentional burials.

Answer 58

Shanidar Cave

Question 59

4.4 mya (East Africa) skeletal features; trend toward bipedalism, but apelike features. (Long arms and great grasping toe)

Answer 59

Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi)

Question 60

3.4 - 3.0 mya (East Africa) small brains just over 400 cc, sexually dimorphic, earliest evidence of habitual bipedalism. No great toe, smaller human-like pelvis.

Answer 60

Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy)

Question 61

Earliest hominin in genus Homo. Essentially skeletally modern from neck down. (Africa 1.9mya and migrate out of Africa 1.7mya) Prominent brow ridge, football shaoed cranium.

Answer 61

Homo erectus (Nariokotome Boy/Turkana Boy)

Question 62

Robust skull shape, large bulbous nose, relatively short, large shoulder joints,very strong. 1st hominin to survive a glacial climate.

Answer 62

Neandertal (Shanidar 1/Ned)

Question 63

Stone tools that appear 2.6 mya in E. Africa. Most common types are choppers, flakes, hammerstones, and scrapers.

Answer 63

Early Stone Age Oldowan

Question 64

Flaked stone tool tradition characterized by bifaces. (Hand axes) First appears in Africa 1.6 mya, but not in E. Asia until 800,000 and Europe until 500,000.

Answer 64

Acheulian

Question 65

Special way of knapping a core so that it is shaped in a way that allows removal of thin well-shaped flake. (Time period)

Answer 65

Middle Stone Age/Middle Paleolithic Levallois

Question 66

Site of adult male Neandertal. Amputee w/ multiple healed wounds to arm, head, ankles.

Answer 66

Shanidar 1

Question 67

Man-made, not portable.

Answer 67

Feature