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Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How are Locke’s works relevant?

A

They help us to understand the US’s government principles

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2
Q

Who created the principles that would lead to the founding of the United States?

A

John Locke

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3
Q

Who influenced how everyone should think about gvmt?

A

Locke

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4
Q

How did Locke approach creating his principles?

A

Secularly

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5
Q

What was Locke’s solution to people living under regimes of religions that weren’t theirs?

A

Get rid of religious regimes

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6
Q

Why are absolute monarchs dangerous? (Locke)

A

1 person holds all the power

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7
Q

What does people’s security depend on? (Locke)

A

Equitable laws, which you can’t have with absolute monarchy

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8
Q

What did Locke say was the real reason that monarchies had power?

A

They were the strongest

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9
Q

What did Locke say about people who claimed authority from heritage?

A

No benefit or authority should come from the “foundation of all power.”

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10
Q

Did Locke believe we owe obedience based on strength?

A

No

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11
Q

What were the 2 theories on gvmt legitimacy?

A

Government is legitimate to the extent that it:
1. Treats everyone equally
2. Is accepted by the people

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12
Q

What did Locke say government and law exist to do/What was the basis for judging all gvmts?

A
  1. Preserve property, life, and liberty (Secure unalienable rights
  2. Defend from foreign attacks
  3. Serve the common good
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13
Q

Why do people consent to government? (Locke)

A

To have their rights protected

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14
Q

What is the state of nature? What are our relationships like?

A

No government, independence from all other people

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15
Q

What is the state of nature also called, and what does it look like?

A

The state of war, everyone is against each other

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16
Q

What is Hobbes’ view on humanity? What do we lack in this state?

A

We’ll kill each other to preserve ourselves, steal from others, and have no respect for others.

No safety, security, or peace

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17
Q

What did Locke believe we had to counter the state of nature? What did this say?

A

Law of nature- no one should harm another in life, liberty, or property

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18
Q

What does the law of nature enable you to do?

A

Everyone has the right to punish an offender

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19
Q

When is the law of nature given up?

A

When we consent to being governed

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20
Q

Why do we punish offenders? (Locke)

A

To get people to repent and to deter him and others from committing/repeating the offense

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21
Q

What did Hobbes say in regards to when people kill in a state of nature?

A

They kill out of necessity and revenge in a state of nature

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22
Q

Does partiality still exist with a state of government?

A

Yes, but hopefully to a lesser extent

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23
Q

What did Locke say needs to happen for a good government to deliver punishments?

A

They need to be objective

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24
Q

How do people react when being punished? What could go wrong when deciding punishments?

A

People refuse to accept punishments, and executioners can look for revente instead of reparations

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25
Q

What did Locke say about civil governments repairing issues?

A

They can do it in the state of nature and because we’re bad judges of ourselves

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26
Q

What is civil government?

A

The part of the state (excluding military) that enforces laws

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27
Q

Do we follow the law of nature in the state of nature?

A

No

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28
Q

What does Locke say about fighting off a thief? Can you do it?

A

Yes, because the government has failed to defend you and your rights are in danger. You’re acting to preserve yourself, not out of revenge.

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29
Q

What about rights makes government necessary? (Locke)

A

Their insecurity

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30
Q

Why can’t the government take away our rights? (Locke)

A

We have them before government and need government to secure them, which limits the actions they can take

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31
Q

What does a government’s legitimacy stem from? (Locke)

A

Securing its people’s rights and its jurisdiction

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32
Q

How do individual rights relate to other people?

A

Once they encroach on other people’s rights, it’s not okay

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33
Q

When can governments be dissolved?

A

For severe/repeated offenses

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34
Q

According to Locke, Is monarchy a legitimate form of government? Why?

A

No, it’s run by one person who has absolute power.

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35
Q

Can the government take away rights?

A

Not without good cause

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36
Q

What is the transitive statement that shows the importance of a right to property?

A

right to property=liberty
liberty=right to life

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37
Q

What is the definition of property? What conditions need to be met to make something yours? (Locke)

A

Something you add labor to (Labor+nature) that doesn’t take away from people’s security (can’t take away last apple on last apple tree)

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38
Q

How is waste treated according to the law of nature? (Locke)

A

Waste breaks the law of nature because someone else could have used it (implies scarcity_

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39
Q

How does the state of nature look economically?

A

Everyone is poor

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40
Q

What conditions need to be met for something to be yours according to Lockean principles?

A

There needs to be enough left and as good left for everyone else

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41
Q

Was Locke’s first definition of private property adequate? Why?

A

No, inadequate due to scarcity

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42
Q

What does the right to private property come from? (Locke)

A

Scarcity in the state of nature

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43
Q

Why is there no incentive for private property in the state of nature?

A

No protection for property offered

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44
Q

Why would people want to have property? (Locke)

A

Money- people want profit, and more land=more profit

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45
Q

Where does most of the profit for land come from? (Locke)

A

Labor- cultivating a plot of land means you add a TON of value to it

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46
Q

Benefits of cultivating land/private property (Locke)

A

-Enough food for everyone
-Less conflict
-A greater supply
-Encourages trade/bartering (limited by spoiling)

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47
Q

Why is money important?

A

-Creates a reason to produce materials
-Can be used for other thigns
-Increases food supply At least 1000 times
-More money=More products

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48
Q

What is a drawback of money, and how is this justified? (Locke)

How does a society with/without money compare?

A

Vast financial inequality, but major opportunities for advancement.
“King in America (society w/ no $) worse off than day laborer in England (society w/ $)

In a society with no money, the people at the top are worse off than the people at the bottom in a society with money

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49
Q

What is a major benefit of the rich producing a product and selling it to the poor? (Locke)

A

Everyone can get necessities because the rich want luxury.

Rich produce product, poor buy it. Rich get richer, poor have product.

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50
Q

What is Common Sense?

A

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine

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51
Q

What are the main point in Common Sense? (Paine)

A

Society and government are distinct and have different origins

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52
Q

Qualities of society (Paine)

A

Comes from our wants, creates happiness by “uniting affections”, encourages relations, blessing

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53
Q

Qualities of government (Paine)

A

Impedes happiness by restraining vices, creates distinctions, necessary evil at best, intolerable at worst, necessity caused by our lack of virtue

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54
Q

What is the true design and end of government, according to Paine?

A

Security

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55
Q

How to calculate most preferable form of government (Paine)

A

Lowest cost of security, greatest benefit to society

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56
Q

What are the qualities of the first government, as described by Paine?

A

-State house, everyone has a seat
-Laws are called regulations
-Laws only enforced through damaged reputation

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57
Q

According to Paine, what happens after 1st government is formed?

A

Increased #s mean not evreyone can meet, representatives are needed

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58
Q

(Paine) What makes a good representative?

A

They should act the same way the people they’re representing would, have the same concerns

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59
Q

(Paine) How should you determine how many reps you should have? (look into this one)

A

In proportion to the population

60
Q

How should the elected and the elector’s concerns line up?

A

They should always be the same

61
Q

How did Paine see England’s involvement in US’s progress?

A

US would have done as well, if not better, if Europe hadn’t been involved

62
Q

Did England offer any protection to the US? Why or why not?

A

Yes, but it was out of self-interest

63
Q

What did Paine say relationships between countries based on parent countries were?

A

Backward

64
Q

What is the US’s parent country? Why? (Present State of American Affairs, Paine)

A

Europe- not a country, but parent region due to heterogeneity of population

65
Q

Did Paine believe the origin of the people should determine what country rules them?

A

No

66
Q

What did Paine say about the US supporting the British army?

A

It wouldn’t

67
Q

What does Paine call us to do?

A

Renounce alliance with England

68
Q

What nations in Europe should the US be partial to? What would the effects of this be?

A

None- No further involvement in wars US has no interest in

69
Q

What does Paine say about people who are pro-reconciliation? (maybe look into)

A

They’re biased, people who can’t or won’t see, or have too much regard for Europe (Last is most dangerous)

70
Q

How urgent are the matters Paine is addressing? Are there any other options left that will bring about lasting security?

A

Very- predicts less than 1 year of security. Peace (along with every other method) has failed. Separation is the only permanent solution

71
Q

What does Paine predict will happen if we were to reconcile? How would this play out, long term?

A

Revolt with Britain, could be much worse

72
Q

Where does prosperity come from? (Present State of American Affairs, Paine)

A

Continent, not provinces

73
Q

Is the king law in america?

A

No, law is king

74
Q

Should we leave the events to chance? How should we handle these issues? (Present State of American Affairs, Paine)

A

No, we need to take charge and write our own constitution

75
Q

Who wrote the American Crisis?

A

Thomas Paine

76
Q

Why did Paine write the American Crisis?

A

To strengthen and uplift people

77
Q

What did Paine argue about difficult conflicts?

A

The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph

78
Q

What rights did Britain claim to have? How did Paine view this?

A

Absolute right, slavery

79
Q

How did Paine view Britain’s perspectives? Who did he say could express these things?

A

Sacrilege, God

80
Q

What were Paine’s religious views?

A

God would intercede because they tried to prevent war

81
Q

How did Paine view people who supported an offensive war?

A

As murderers

82
Q

How did Paine view mercy in war?

A

Manipulative tactic- can’t expect it

83
Q

What did Locke say in regards to when democracy is justified?

A

Only justified to the extent life, liberty, and property are defended.

84
Q

What was Carnegie’s argument in regards to inequality?

A

Civilization has it, but it’s better for everyone

85
Q

What did Carnegie say was needed for a true civilization

A

Wealth

86
Q

What happens when everyone gets products, according to Carnegie?

A

Standard of living goes up

87
Q

What does prosperity depend on, according to Carnegie, and why?

A

Private property (Inventive to develop land and stuff and have it be yours)
Invention of $ (Work hard and make more $, means you produce more)

88
Q

How is financial inequality resolved?

A

Increased wealth, benefits everyone

89
Q

Who is more anti-monarchical- Paine or Locke?

A

Paine, by a wide margin

90
Q

What forms of government are Paine emphatic about?

A

Monarchy and democracy

91
Q

Who was considered VERY revolutionary during the American revolution?

A

Paine

92
Q

What were Paine’s 2 most influential texts? What did they argue?

A

Common sense and the American Crisis- Why American colonies should declare independence and about nature of government

93
Q

How did Locke feel about the state of nature? Why?

A

It’s bad, we need to improve our conditions and live peacefully

94
Q

How did Paine feel about society? Why?

A

It’s good, it unites all towards the greater good and leads to achievement

95
Q

What did Paine think was the best kind of government? Why?

A

Elective democracy- you have representatives acting as the whole body would

96
Q

What limits did Paine think we should have for representatives and why?

A

Term limits and frequent elections to keep common interests (keep reps down to earth)

97
Q

How complex should government be, according to Paine?

A

Simple- less likely to break, easier to repair

98
Q

Was Paine Fed or Anti-Fed?

A

Anti fed- wanted popular participation, complete control of legislature

99
Q

Did Paine believe in biblical authority?

A

No

100
Q

How did Paine say 1st monarchical rulers got their power? Were they legitimate?

A

Leaders of gangs, overpowered everyone else. No

101
Q

Did Paine trust the people’s sense of government? How did this play out?

A

Yes, supported a direct democracy

102
Q

Did Paine believe the king of Britain could ask for guidance in his rule?

A

No, because he was an illegitamite ruler

103
Q

When would people choose king? (paine) Why?

A

Never, king isn’t trustworthy. Always need to check

104
Q

What was the point of democracy (Paine)?

A

To choose people like you, who you trust, to represent you

105
Q

Paine’s position on power

A

Anyone who has power will abuse it

106
Q

Where should almost all power reside in? (Paine)

A

Legislature

107
Q

What was the argument for equality?

A

We’re all created in the same way, equality can only be broken by something that comes after

108
Q

How is inequality viewed?

A

Imposed, unnatural

109
Q

What were old distinctions of success based on? How did this play out? How permanent were these distinctions?

A

Nature- naturally lords and peasants, kings and subjects. Can’t break out of it.

110
Q

What is old society built on?

A

Fundamental inequality

111
Q

Did Paine say distinction of class caused happiness or misery?

A

Misery

112
Q

America was discovered before/after the reformation. How was this viewed?

A

Before, like America was meant to be a haven for people fleeing persecution.

113
Q

What does the law restrain?

A

The authority of the state

114
Q

Why is monarchy bad in terms of insecurity?

A

Monarchy is unlimited with absolute power, causes insecurity in relationship to the law meant to protect its people

115
Q

What does the DOI say in regards to rights/equality?

A

All men are created equal and have unalienable rights (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness)

116
Q

What does the DOI say the purpose of gvmt is? Where do they get their consent?

A

Protect unalienable rights, consent of the governed

117
Q

If the government doesn’t protect rights or people don’t consent, what can they do? (DOI)

A

Change or dissolve gvmt

118
Q

Why should the people break off from bad governments?

A

It’s their duty to do so

119
Q

How can democracy be a bad thing?

A

It could be used to restrain other people’s rights

120
Q

What are some of the grievances in the DOI?

A

Refusing to approve laws for greater good, attempting to repress representation, dissolving/obstructing government, preventing people from moving to America, cutting off trade

121
Q

Why does Jefferson say we need to handle these matters with urgency?

A

Armies are coming, cruelty almost unparalleled

122
Q

Article II (State rights)

A

Each state must keep sovreignty, freedom, and independence, power, jurisdiction, and rights designated to them in congress

123
Q

Article III (Allyship of states?)

A

All states ally to help each other when under attack

124
Q

Article IV (Privilege regarding travel, state jurisdiction?)

A

Rightly free people will have protections and privileges in travel
All states respect all other state’s jurisdiction

125
Q

Article V (# of reps per state, discussion rights, term limits?)

A

Each state has 2-7 reps, freedom of speech and debate, can’t serve more than 3 years of 6 year term

126
Q

What needs to happen before you interact with king (Give/receive office, enter into conference, alliance, treaty, or agreement)?

A

Need congress approval, Article VI

127
Q

Article 7 (How are officers at or below colonel appointed? What is their role for common defense?)

A

Legislature of each state however they decide

128
Q

How are war expenses paid for? (DOI)

A

Common treasury, in porportion to value of land

129
Q

Who determines when there’s peace or war, aside from conditions listed in article 6?

A

Congress

130
Q

When are states allowed to determine when to go to war?

A

Invasion or resolution being formed by indians, no time to wait for people to assemble, sending/receiving ambassadors, entering treaties/alliances (except where treaties of commerce where legislative power of respective states will be restrained by imposing tarriffs/duties on foreigners as their pwn people are subjected to or from prohibiting exportation/importation of specified goods/commerce)

131
Q

Can states decide to have a treaty/confederation/alliance?

A

Yes, but there needs to be a hearing to say for what purpose and for how long

132
Q

What is the last resort for appeal of all disputes?

A

Congress

133
Q

Who determines value of $ and regulates trade provided no conflict present with state legislature?

A

Congress

134
Q

What can recessed committee do?

A

Manage general affairs, define size of navy per state based on # of white men

135
Q

What power is the commitee of states limited to?

A

Anything that doesn’t require 9/13 states approval

136
Q

Does the DOI say consent is means by which gvmt operates?

A

No

137
Q

Does the DOI say consent is necessary to establish gvmt?

A

Yes

138
Q

What is America in terms of its establishment?

A

An experiment in modern political theory

139
Q

Whose principles are the bases of the DOI?

A

John Locke

140
Q

What does a liberal regime aim to do?

A

Protect rights

141
Q

What does a democratic regime do?

A

Uses democratic elections to elect president

142
Q

What were founders of America worried about? How did they handle it?

A

Illiberal democracy, set up constitution

143
Q

Does Jefferson say people have right to alter/abolish gvmt if they’re not ruling?

A

No

144
Q

What part of gvmt does dissolution relate to?

A

Liberal, not democratic

145
Q

Can you dissolve a government that isn’t democratic but protecting your rights?

A

No

146
Q

Who wrote the DOI?

A

Collaborative

147
Q

Who wrote the first fdraft of the DOI?

A

Thomas Jefferson

Political Science (7 decks)

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