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cosmetology > quiz 1 > Flashcards

quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define cosmetic science

A

cosmetic science is the study of the effects raw materials and mixtures have on parts of the human body like hair skin and nails
it is involved with developing, formulating and producing cosmetic and personal care products

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2
Q

what are the branches of cosmetic science

A

anatomy and physiology
chemistry \pharmacology
formulation technology
current rules and regulations
analytical sciences
microbiology
customer needs
marketing and business

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3
Q

define cosmetics

A

articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, sprayed on, introduced into or applied on the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering appearance without affecting the structure of function.

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4
Q

define drugs (2)

A

articles intended for the diagnosis, cure mitigation treatment or prevention of diseases or
articles other than food intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals

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5
Q

what is the legal differentiator between a cosmetic and a drug

A

the products intended use i.e what the product is used for

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6
Q

what is the common factor between otc-drugs and cosmetics (2)

A

purchased without a prescription
safe and effective for the use by the general public

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7
Q

define otc-drug-cosmetic products
give examples

A

they meet the definition of both otc drugs and cosmetics, they can be cosmetic and drugs at the same time
toothpaste that prevents tooth decay
deodrants antiperspirants
mouthwash to prevent or treat gingivitis

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8
Q

what are the other terms

A

personal care products
decorative care products
makeup
color cosmetics

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9
Q

advertisement terms

A
  1. cosmeceuticals
  2. nutraceuticals
  3. organic products
  4. cruelty free products
  5. hypoallergenic products
  6. preservative free products
  7. clinically proven claims
  8. patented formula claims
  9. dermatologist recommended claims
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10
Q

explain microbial growth in cosmetics

A

a cosmetic roduct which has a high water content is a good medium for microbial growth and the additional components in the product can serve as nutrient for the microorganisms.
a contaminated producted which shows no visible signs of contamination is more dangrous than preservatives.

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11
Q

what can otc drug cosmetics be classifed based on?

A

target group
dosage form
legal status
applications
fucnctions

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12
Q

target group (4)

A

babies
teenagers
women
men

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13
Q

dosage forms (6)

A

creams ointments lotions
solutions gels powders

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13
Q

others classification

A

skincare haircare oralcare
lip facial makeup

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14
Q

legal status (2)

A

cosmetic products
drug cosmetic products

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15
Q

applications (6)

A

body lips nails
face hair hands

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16
Q

functions (6)

A

cleansing
moisturing
facal creams
eye makeup
hand creams
aftershave

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17
Q

what are dosage forms based on

A

physical and pharmaceutical properties

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18
Q

define cosmetic “dosage form”

A

the final physical form of a mixture of chemicals that the consumers can take in their hands, purchase and use as cometic or drug cosmetic products

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19
Q

what is w/o/w emulsion

A

it is a type of double emulsion in which water droplets are dispersed into oil droplets

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20
Q

define a solution
the 3 types and their examples
describe its stability

A

a solution is a clear homogenous liquid consisting of one or more chemical ingredients dissolved in a solvent or a mixture of two mutually miscible solvents
it is thermodynamically stable
water based solutions - water is vehicle eg. eye makeup remover, shampoo, hand soap
hydroalcoholic - water and alcohol is the vehicle - eg. facial toner, hair spray, mouthwash
anhydrous - non water
organic vehicle solvent - base coat and nail polish remover
oily solvent - afterbath oirls, prewaxing oils

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21
Q

preparation of solutions

A

solids that need heating are dissolved in the solvent first
easily evaporating and colored pigments are added later to avoid loss of product and denaturation or change in their chemical composition

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22
Q

define an emulsion
describe the stability
2 common types
2 uncommon types

A

emulsion is a two phase system consisting of two immiscible phases
the dispersed or internal phase
an the external of continous phase
they are thermodynamically in
stable and separate over time
o/w - shampoo, facial moisturizing creams
w/o - diaper rash creams, sunscreens, barrier creams
w/si - cosmetic erspective, nice skin feel, fast drying effect, foundation, eye shadow, sunscreens
w/o/w - complex double emulsion

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23
Q

define an emulsion
describe the stability
2 common types
2 uncommon types

A

emulsion is a two phase system consisting of two immiscible phases
the dispersed or internal phase
an the external of continous phase with one or more emulsifying agents
they are thermodynamically in
stable and separate over time
o/w - shampoo, facial moisturizing creams
w/o - diaper rash creams, sunscreens, barrier creams
w/si - cosmetic erspective, nice skin feel, fast drying effect, foundation, eye shadow, sunscreens
w/o/w - complex double emulsion

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24
Q

why are emulsions preferred
what are the two sub categories

A

unique structure
good skin feel
deliver both hydrophillic and hydrophobic substances as they can incorporate both
lotiosn and creams

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25
Q

state the difference and eg of lotions and creams

A

lotions
high water content
good flowability
good skin feel
continuous free flowing non greasy
aftershave balm
cleansing milk

creams
high oil content
poor flowability
greasy
moisturizing creams

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26
Q

name the two emulsifiers

A

w/o emulsifer with high HLB value promoyes formation of oil in water emulsion
o/w emulsifer with low HLB value promotes formation of water in oil emulsion

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27
Q

define ointment
its composition
________ in nature and provides a _________
microbial contamination
examples

A

ointment is a semi solid containing <20% of water (might be anhydrous) and >50% hydrocarbons, polyols and waxes
occlusive in nature and provides a seal over the skin
lower microbial contamination due to less water content
eg. hair pomade and diaper rash ointments

28
Q

define paste
why are they hard to remove with water
composition eg

A

paste is a semi solid dosage form with a large proportion 20-50% solids finely dispersed in a fatty vehicle
regular pastes are anhydrous based on a fatty vehicle and thats why highly adhesive to surfaces and hard to remove with water
eg. toothpastes are water based formulations that mix well with saliva

29
Q

define suspension
composition and eg (3 types)
define stability and stokes law

A

suspension is a liquid doage form consisiting of solids undissolved dispersed in a liquid vehicle
water based
hydroalcoholic - liquid colored cosmetics containing pigments facial and body toners
anhydrous - lipstick, mascara, eyeliner
suspensions are thermodynamically instable and tend to separate over time i.e the particles due to gravitation tend to sediment
stokes law, by altering the viscosity and particle size of the dispersed phase we can achieve increased suspension stability
higher the viscosity lower the sedimentation rate
lighter the weight of the particles i.e smaller the particle size, slower the sedimentation rate

30
Q

define powders acc to FDA

A

powders are a intimate mixture of dry finely divided chemicals

31
Q

describe loose and compact powders with examples
what are the binders

A

loose powders are free flowing mixtures of different dry solid chemicals
eg. mineral facial powders
baby powders
bath salts

compressed powders are a blend of finely divided powders compacted via compression
eye shadows and facial powders
binders - zinc stearate
starch
and triglycerides

32
Q

define capsule

A

solid dosage form
soft gelatin capsules
conatins oily liquid
tab broken to release products inside
eg. anti aging serum

33
Q

define gel according to fda
2 egs.
water content
combination of toothpaste and gel

A

gel is a semi solid dosage form that contains a gelling agent to provide stiffness to a solution or colloidal dispersion
increase viscosity and have a complex internal structure
may contain fragrance beads or exfoliating beads
water based - facial ceansers
hydroalcoholic formulations- hair styling gels and hand sanitizers
higher amount of water and water evaporates leaving a cooling effect - sunscreens and aftershave gels
combination of toothpaste and gel - cleaning and polishing the teeth for stain removal

34
Q

define stick

A

stick is a solid dosage form made of waxes and smaller amount of oils
acive ingredients delivered by a rubbing action eg. sunscreen and antiperspirants
eg. lipstick, blush, concealers

35
Q

define aerosol
eg. of dosage forms that can be packaged as aerosols
eg. of aerosols

A

an aerosol is a product that is packaged under pressure and contains various ingredients that are released upon activating an appropriate valve system
lotions creams and suspensions
hair spray and shaving cream

36
Q

what are two most important laws pertaining to
cosmetics marketed in the United States

A

the federal food drug and cosmetics act (FD&C act)
the fair packaging and labelling act (FPLA)

37
Q

what are the laws of fda regarding registrations and restrictions of cosmetic products in the US

A

the cosmetic manufacturers are not required to register their cosmetic manufacturing establishments witht he fda and the cosmetic ingredients or raw materials do not require any premarket approval from the fda
the manufacturers can use any raw materials they want as ingredients
restrictions only apply for color additives and a small number of prohibited or restricted ingredients as well as active ingredients

38
Q

who is responsible for the safety of cosmetic products

A

the cosmetic manufacturers are responsible for substantiating the safety of their products and ingredients before marketing

39
Q

what are the rules for cosmetics imported to the us

A

all cosmetics imported to the US are subject to the same laws and regulations as those manufactured in the US

40
Q

can the Us make an order for mandatory recall of a product

A

no, it is a voluntary action

41
Q

when can the fda take a egal authoritative action against cosmetic manuafcturer

A

if they continue to market a defective product

42
Q

why is the fda logo not allowed on cosmetics

A

since the products are not registered with the fda and logo is not allowed it may mislead consumers to think the product with a logo is better than the one which does not have it

43
Q

labelling and packaging of a cosmetic product are regulated by?

A

the FD&C act
the fair packaging and labelling act

44
Q

what is the EU regulation
what do they aim

A

EU regulation 1223/2009

aims at ensuring that the consumers health is protected and they are well informed by monitoring the composition and labelling of the products

45
Q

what are the sections in the EU regulation

A

registration of the manufacturing facilities and products
premarket approval
manufacturing
use of ingredients
testing and product safety
packaging and labelling

46
Q

what is the regulatory authority in the kingdom of bahrain
what does it determine

A

ministry of health bahrain
the registration procedure detrmines whether or not the product meets the safety and performance requirement outlined in applicable legislations and standards

47
Q

According to the Bahraini Regulations, products must meet certain criteria, including:

A
  • being free from pork or its derivatives
  • being safe for human health under normal and reasonably foreseeable conditions of use
  • being stable and having properties that impact safety, efficacy and quality that does not change during its shelf life
  • being free from filthy and decomposed substances
48
Q

what do gmps provide

A

main aim is to prevent harm from occuring to the end consumer

49
Q

what are GMPs

A

GMPs are guidelines that provide minimum requirement that manufacturers must meet to ensure that their products are high in quality consistently from batch to batch

50
Q

The FDA’s guideline can effectively help manufacturers self-inspect their operations and provides recommendations for the following areas:

A

Documentation and Records ▪ Buildings and facilities
▪ Equipment
▪ Personnel
▪ Raw materials
▪ Production
▪ Laboratory controls
▪ Internal audit
▪ Complaints, adverse events, and recalls.

location
machinery
processing
sanitary
maintenance
personnel

51
Q

what does designing and formulation of a skincare product depend on

A

the structure of the human skin, its main functions and the indication of the product

52
Q

what is the role of the skin

A

physical defense role, immune metabolic and uv protection function

53
Q

what does the skin layer include

A

epidermis - stratum corneum and active epidermis
-dermis
- subcutaneous fat layer

54
Q

what is the startum corneum

A

stratum corneum is a structured layer with stratum corneum cells embedded in a lipid layer which acts as a barrier of any penetrations

55
Q

define epidermis

A

outermost barrier layer has a protective function against external influences
- stratum corneum 15-30 layers of dead cells
- stratum lucidum 3-5 layers of dead cells
- stratum granulosum - cells begin to die
- stratum spinosum - lipid and protein synthesis
- stratum basale - single layer of divided cells

56
Q

define stratum corneum
whats it called
its layers
function of its layers

A

stratum cornuem is the outermost layer of the skin
natural barrier
brick and mortar stucture - unqiue
sebum, natural moisturizing factor, corneocyte, intercellular lipid matrix, comeodesomosome, cornified lipid envelope
covalently bound lipids provide a hydrophobic surface tot he corneocytes which is important for water barrier function
corneocytes contain a blend of hygroscopic compounds collectively referred to as the natural moisturizing factor

57
Q

what is keratinization

A

its a dynamic process of epidermal renewal
begins in the basal layer where new skin cells called keratinocytes are formed and continually pushed upward
by the time they reach the SC they are dead cells
keratinization and shedding are continuous processes

58
Q

define dermis and its layers

A

dermis is the layer under the epidermis and functions as a supporting frame for the epidermis providing nutrients and oxygen via the blood capillaries
- sebaceous gland- all over the body except palsm of hand and soles of feet. largest and most conc in the face and scalp which gives rise to acne and other skin diseases
- nerve endings - to transmit sensory signals such as touch, pain, pressure and temperature from the skin
- blood vessels - to provide nutrients and oxygen to the epidermis
sweat glands

59
Q

define hypodermis

A

it is aloose connective tissue that stores fat in fat cells

60
Q

what is the moisture content of the skin

A

including dermis and epidermis it is 80%

61
Q

describe skin classification according to moisture content

A

normal water content - soft, smooth, glowing
low water content - dry, itchy, tight

62
Q

describe the movement of water in the skin

A

there is a continuous movement of water in the skin from the deeper to the superficial layers where the water evaporates

63
Q

skin can be classified generally by?
cosmetically relevant groups?

A

gender, color, uv sensitivity, vulnerability, oiliness, healthiness, special needs among others
sensitivity to ultraviolet light
based on hydration state and lipid content
gender

63
Q

skin can be classified generally by?
cosmetically relevant groups?

A

gender, color, uv sensitivity, vulnerability, oiliness, healthiness, special needs among others
sensitivity to ultraviolet light
based on hydration state and lipid content
gender

64
Q

skin types based on uv radiation exposure
name of the scientist

A

fitzpatrick
6 types
1. pale white - always burns never tans
2. white to light beige - easily burns tans minimally
3. beige - burns moderately - tans gradually to light brown
4 light brown - burns minimally - tans well to moderately brown
5. moderate brown - rarely burns tans profusely to dark brown
6. dark brown or black - never burns, tans profusely

65
Q

skin types based on hydration state and lipid content

A

5 types
normal, dry, oil, combination, sensitive
not constant
affcted by
internal factors - hydration , lipid content, pH, moisture binding capacity
external factors - Uv light, wing, temperature, humidity content

66
Q

skin types based on gender

A

androgen stimulation causes increase in thickness of skin thicker by 25%
slower aging because of thick skin and hih collagen content
men skin thins with advacing age whereas in women stays the same until menopause
higher hydration in SC in young men
men sweat more
men more sensitive to Uv radiation

cosmetology (2 decks)

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