Quiz 1 Flashcards
The word audiology comes from
the latin root audire and the greek suffix logos
Which war did the field of audiology come from?
2
What is an audiologist?
A non-medical, healthcare professional with a scientific discipline based upon research
- on the fundamentals of hearing and balance
- the physiologic and psychosocial aspects of disorders and these functions
- the technological aspects of both hearing and balance diagnostics in the pediatric and adult treatments.
What is an audiologist defined as today?
an individual who has attained the education, training, and licence to provide an array of services for the identification, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of those with auditory or vestibular inpatients, as well as the prevention of such disorders
How do I become an audiologist?
Bachelors levele of education in communication sciences
Masters level edecutation (Discontinued)
Doctoral-level education in audiology
Licensing and Certification
Every state and DC has its own licensing and registration process
To obtain a license, you must complete a prescribed course of study with approximately 2000 hours of clinical practicum and attain a passing score on a national examination in audiology.
Certification is not a legal requirement for audiology
Alternate Audiology Specialties
Industrial Audiology
- Moniter Hearing
Animal Audiology
- hearing conservative for service animals
Tele-Audiology
- provide services to people who live in low-and-middle-income countries
Dispensing/Rehabilitative Audiology
-solely specializes in the dispensing of amplification devices
Whats the percentage of the world’s population that has disabling hearing loss?
5%
What is sound?
it is generated by vibrations and is carried through the air around us in the form of pressure waves
sound can be described in terms of a physical measure and a psychological sense
What is air?
Elastic
What is elasticity?
the ability of an item to return back to its original shape after being distorted.
Elasticity is increased as the distance between the molecules is decreased
Brownian Motion
the random and rapid movement of air particles
Vibration
When air molecules are disturbed and set into motion.
Condensation/Compression
air molecules being pushed togher
Rarefaction
When space exists between areas of compression
Waves
the succession of molecules being shoved together and then pulled apart
What are the two different types of waves?
Transverse: Molecular motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave motion
Used to show wavelength and amplitude
Longitudinal: Energy is traveling in the same axis as the applied force
More important in the understanding of sound
What is amplitude?
baseline to peak
peak to peak
root means square
What is vibrations?
Energy applied to mass will cause vibration
Potential Energy
the energy stored within an obkect, due to the objects position arrangement or state
Kinetic Energy
the energy of motion
Two types of vibrations
Free Vibrations: occurs in the absence of friction and external forces after initial release of body
Forced Vibrations: when a repeated force continuously acts on the system
Damping
occurs when the vibrations of a mass decay over time
Light Damping: occurs slowly over time
Heavy Damping: causes oscillations to cease rapidly
Critically Damped: occurs when oscillations cease before a single cycle has been completed
Frequency
How frequent an event occurs during a period of time
Cycles per second a.k.a Hertz
how many times an item moves from a still position to each opposite direction and back to the original position
Period
Time required for each cycle
Effects of length on frequency
frequency increases as string is shortened, frequency decreases as string increases
Effects of mass on frequency
Thicker = lower frequency
Thinner = higher frequency
Effects of stiffness on frequency
The frequency increases as stiffness of the object is increased
Resonance
Any object with mass may be set into vibration
Resonate Frequency
the object vibrates most naturally and easily
Velocity
The speed with which a sound wave travels from the source to another point
Instantaneous Velocity
velocity of sound determined at a specific moment
Average velocity
determined by dividing the distance traveled by the time interval required for passafe
Acceleration
when velocity is increased
Deceleration
when velocity is decreased
Wavelength
The wavelength of a sine wave is the distance from a point on a sine wave to a second point 360 degrees after the beginning
Phase
The phase of a sine wave is where the wave begins
also known as pure tone
Complex sounds
Two or more pure tones of different frequencies and amplitudes occurring together
Fundamental Frequency
lowest rate of a sounds vibration
Periodic
Pure tone sounds and some complex sounds
Aperiodic sounds
waveforms that do not repeat itself over time
Harmonics/overtones
all frequencies are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency
Intensity
maximum displacement or the amplitude of a waveform
Force (dyne/newton)
energy exerted onto adjacent air molecules
Pressure (pascals)
generated whenever force is distrubuted over a surface area
Impedance
The opposition a medium offers to the transmission of acoustic energy
Levels
Intensity Levels
Sound Pressure Levels
Hearing Levels
Sensation Levels
Psychoacoustics
The relationship between physical stimuli and the psychological responses to which they give rise
Psychoacoustics
Pitch
Loudness
Localization: Being able to tell which direction a sound is coming from (Marco Polo)
Masking: When two sounds occur simultaneously and one sound causes the other to become inaudible
(Chapter 11) What is the auditory nerve also called?
acoustic nerve or vestibulocochlear nerve
What branches are the auditory made up of?
The cochlear branch
The vestibular branch : Inferior and Superior
Afferent
Traveling up towards the brain
Efferent
Traveling down and away from the brain
Internal auditory canal/meatus
begins at the cochlear mediolus and terminates at the base of the brain
approximately 8.5 mm in length
provides a passageway in which the vestibulocochlear nerve and the facial nerve and the labyrinthine artery can pass from inside the skull to structures of the inner ear and face
Central Auditory Nervous System
auditory information ascending through the auditory pathways start at the auditory nerve
The central auditory pathway is short, fast and ends in the primary auditory cortex
need for ipsilateral and contralateral information
Cochlear Nuclei (brainstem)
receives auditory nerve information
Superior olivary complex (brainstem near the junction of the pons and medulla)
first decussation point
Inferior colliculus (midbrain)
the largest nucleus of the auditory system in humans
the point in the brainstem where all auditory pathways traveling though the brainstem converge
Medial Geniculate body (thalamus)
important integration occurs
Auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus in the temporal lobe)
where the message is recognized
Acoustic Neuroma
A rare, slow growing benign growth that develops on the auditory nerve
Neurofibromatosis
Also known as a cause for vestibular schwannomas
benign, slow growing tumors in both ears which can cause hearing loss
ANSD (Auditory Dys-synchrony Spectrum Disorder)
a hearing disorder in which the inner ear seems to receive sounds normally but the signals leaving the cochlea are disorganized
Vascular Accidents
Thromboses: formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel
Embolisms: when a clot breaks off from elsewhere in the body and travels to the brain to black a smaller artery
Aneurysms: a weakening of an artery wall that created a bulge of the artery
Cerebrovascular accidents: strokes when blood flow to a part of your brain is stopped either by a blockage or rupture of a blood vessel
Anoxia: when a persons body or brain stops getting oxygen
