quiz 1 Flashcards
Steady-state process
if nothing changes and inflow and outflow are balanced, then we have a non-aging system
challenge to studying steady-state
not found in nature, only in laboratories
chronological age
how many years old you are
biological age
a person’s age as estimated by his/her body’s health and probable life expectancy
additional definition
- joel stager
- The age of an individual expressed in terms of the chronological age of an ‘average’ individual showing the same degree of physiological performance
- A 65 yr old can have the same physiological performance as an average 35 yr old
life expectancy
the average length of survival of a specified population or cohort
life span
the maximum length of years a person has lived
survivorship
percentage of the population surviving to a certain age
x axis of survivorship curve
percent surviving
y axis of survivorship curve
age or time
average LE in 1900
47 y/o
avg LE in 2000
77 y/o
alarming trend seen in 2003
- An upward trend in life expectancy reversed for the first time due to emerging trend of opioids
type 1 survivorship curve
level and then drops, care for young well but only have a few of them
type 2 survivorship curve
straight line, constant risk of death
type 3 survivorship curve
steep drop, frogs, produce millions of eggs but many are lost
galapagos turtles
show no sign of senescence
* Biggest threat = humans, crushed on roads
functional life expectancy
how long one can expect to function independently
prolongevity
the idea that maximal life span can be greatly extended
is prolongevity realistic
no
compression of morbidity
It may no be possible to greatly increase maximal life span, but morbidity may be reduced
morbidity
the sate of being diseased or debilitated
mortality
death
name of the report that is generated by the CDC
- Morbitity and mortality weekly report (MMWR)
how many years can morbidity be shortened/compressed if lifestyle/risk factors are improved
5.8-8.3 years
Does Arking think that, at this point it is a good idea to search for a ‘fountain of youth
no
more reasonable set of goals than fountain of youth
- To opt for a healthy, vigorous, and finite life
BLSA study
- Longitudinal study of aging
- Mobility is the bottom line
- Homeostatic networks (hormones and PA) combined with physiological domains (CNS and joints) determine mobility
____ is the bottom line the BLSA study is trying to prevent
mobility
what does mobility require
- Mobility requires energy generated, transported and delivered to muscles and somatosensory systems to give feedback from environment
homeostatic systems
belong to a signaling network in the body and that they function together
key goal of BLSA
share results with the public, similar to Dan Buettner through “Blue Zones”
IDEAL aging study
- Longevity combined with good health and functioning until near the end of life is the goal for many
- Little is still know about why certain individuals live in excellent health into their 80s while other fail much sooner
survivors
had an age-related disease before 80 yo, 42%
delayers
not diagnosed with an age=related disease until after 80, 45%
escapers
reached year 100 without ever having an age-related disease, 13%
the IDEAL study is geared to
o Offer a greater understanding of the mechanisms that are important to exceptional aging
o ID what sparates delayers and evaders
o Findings may translate into actions that preserve health
aging
all changes and cellular wear and tear that occur in time without any reference to death, anytime
senescence
final developmental phase which ends in death
teleological
related to the idea that final causes, designs, and purposes occur in nature
teleological perspective of aging
- Development is viewed as consisting of early processes that enhance functional capacities
- Aging diminishes functional capacities
theories must __
stand the test of time
correlation
- good starting point
- loss- and gain-of function evidence levels of evidence are stronger
geriatrician
doctor for health and care of old people
gerontologist
scientific study of old age
4 characteristics of “fundamental aging processes
- Cumulative
- Progressive
- Intrinsic
- Deleterious
medical model of aging
if disease is eliminated, aging will stop
o Problem = aging occurs in absence of disease
biological model of aging
evolutionary basis for this mode, organisms devote more energy to reproduction than self maintenance
schematic steady state
if nothing changes and inflow and outflow are balanced, then we have a non-aging system
real SS
= the maintenance of glucose levels in the blood, changes in glucose changes in insulin,. Homeostasis is maintained
SS and aging
- With aging, the steady-state becomes a non-steady-state as regulatory subcomponents change
entropy
gradual decline into disorder
Intraspecific plasticity
individuals (e.g. people) differ in terms of their aging patterns/trajectories
* Interaction between genotype and environment
* The longevity of an organism is a phenotype
* Small group differentiation
Interspecific plasticity
big group difference
3 types of senescence
o Rapid = rapid onset of major pathophysical changes at a particular common time
o Gradual = slow and consistent
o Negligible = in long-lived species where dysfunctional changes cannot be described
c elegans
- Also experience sarcopenia
frailty
vulnerable state in which capacity to cope is strained by demands
disability
also impending/close in people with frailty syndrome
4 features of frailty model
-1) Chronic undernutrition
-2) Sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass with age)
-3) Decreased walking speed
-4) Decreased activity level
physical function and independence ___ with frailty
decrease
disability is _____ severe than frailty
more
mobility disability
we have not discussed this, but it is defined as taking longer than 15 min to complete a 400-meter walk
leg strength and standing speed
- First threshold = start slowing
- Second threshold = cannot do it anymore
at age 60
decrease in walking speed
____ more susceptible to falling below functional threshold
women
4 phases of lifespan
- developmental
- health
- transition
- senescent
developmental span
minimum age-specific mortality rate reached just prior to sexual maturation
health span
age-specific mortality rate may be flat or show only slight increase starting from a low base level
transition phase
age-specific mortality rate may show sharp increase over prior decades
senescent span
critical thresholds passed, cell function ceases
stress can increase mortality rates
- Being a prisoner of war
- Being a civilians during war times
- radiation
CR in rats early in life
higher death rate per day
CR in rats late in life
lower death rate but had a mildly adverse effect on the initial vulnerability
How many years of life extension did CR rhesus monkeys have
7
problems with CR in humans
adherence, stunted growth, delayed maturity
* When = later in life
* Not good during development
cohort effect
can get in the way of studying the aging process b/c of confounding variables like Title IX
survivor effect
is due to older ‘survivors’ being healthier/heartier due to the fact that they have survived so long
__________ studies can overcome the survivor effect
- longitudinal
- hard and expensive
limitations to cross-sectional studies
- Different groups compared at one time
- Assume group differences are the same as individual differences due to aging
- Events affect individuals differently depending on stage of life
- Survivor effect
- Rate of change with aging cannot be measured cross-sectionally
longitudinal study limitations
time, money, and dropouts
environmental effects on weight gain/loss with aging
- Only if the socioeconomic environment has adequate caloric availability
CS and longitudinal show ___ trend in muscle mass with age
- same
-muscle mass declines as you get older
integrative model
- Disease may not result, though
- In between medical and biological
time-dependent disease
polycystic kidney disease, threshold concept (hyperplasia increases with time but it’s not an issue until you reach that threshold)
age-dependent disease
lose elasticity of aorta increase BP
developmental conditions
can modulate aging
* Hormonal effects = female honeybees can be worker bees and live 12 months or queen bees and live 6 years all based on what hormones they get
* Intrauuterine/disease = maternal diabetes associated with low birth weight and life expectancy in offspring
fvc
measure of vigor, general musculoskeletal function capacity, and overall health. Measure of living capacity
-Know that biological age based on biomarkers is associated with mortality risk (i.e. generally, if you have an ‘older’ score for a biomarker such as FEV or VC, you are more likely to die).
