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Aging > quiz 1 > Flashcards

quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Steady-state process

A

if nothing changes and inflow and outflow are balanced, then we have a non-aging system

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2
Q

challenge to studying steady-state

A

not found in nature, only in laboratories

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3
Q

chronological age

A

how many years old you are

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4
Q

biological age

A

a person’s age as estimated by his/her body’s health and probable life expectancy

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5
Q

additional definition

A
  • joel stager
    • The age of an individual expressed in terms of the chronological age of an ‘average’ individual showing the same degree of physiological performance
  • A 65 yr old can have the same physiological performance as an average 35 yr old
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6
Q

life expectancy

A

the average length of survival of a specified population or cohort

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7
Q

life span

A

the maximum length of years a person has lived

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8
Q

survivorship

A

percentage of the population surviving to a certain age

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9
Q

x axis of survivorship curve

A

percent surviving

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10
Q

y axis of survivorship curve

A

age or time

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11
Q

average LE in 1900

A

47 y/o

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12
Q

avg LE in 2000

A

77 y/o

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13
Q

alarming trend seen in 2003

A
  • An upward trend in life expectancy reversed for the first time due to emerging trend of opioids
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14
Q

type 1 survivorship curve

A

level and then drops, care for young well but only have a few of them

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15
Q

type 2 survivorship curve

A

straight line, constant risk of death

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16
Q

type 3 survivorship curve

A

steep drop, frogs, produce millions of eggs but many are lost

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17
Q

galapagos turtles

A

show no sign of senescence
* Biggest threat = humans, crushed on roads

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18
Q

functional life expectancy

A

how long one can expect to function independently

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19
Q

prolongevity

A

the idea that maximal life span can be greatly extended

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20
Q

is prolongevity realistic

A

no

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21
Q

compression of morbidity

A

It may no be possible to greatly increase maximal life span, but morbidity may be reduced

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22
Q

morbidity

A

the sate of being diseased or debilitated

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23
Q

mortality

A

death

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24
Q

name of the report that is generated by the CDC

A
  • Morbitity and mortality weekly report (MMWR)
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25
Q

how many years can morbidity be shortened/compressed if lifestyle/risk factors are improved

A

5.8-8.3 years

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26
Q

Does Arking think that, at this point it is a good idea to search for a ‘fountain of youth

A

no

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27
Q

more reasonable set of goals than fountain of youth

A
  • To opt for a healthy, vigorous, and finite life
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28
Q

BLSA study

A
  • Longitudinal study of aging
  • Mobility is the bottom line
  • Homeostatic networks (hormones and PA) combined with physiological domains (CNS and joints) determine mobility
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29
Q

____ is the bottom line the BLSA study is trying to prevent

A

mobility

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30
Q

what does mobility require

A
  • Mobility requires energy generated, transported and delivered to muscles and somatosensory systems to give feedback from environment
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31
Q

homeostatic systems

A

belong to a signaling network in the body and that they function together

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32
Q

key goal of BLSA

A

share results with the public, similar to Dan Buettner through “Blue Zones”

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33
Q

IDEAL aging study

A
  • Longevity combined with good health and functioning until near the end of life is the goal for many
  • Little is still know about why certain individuals live in excellent health into their 80s while other fail much sooner
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34
Q

survivors

A

had an age-related disease before 80 yo, 42%

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35
Q

delayers

A

not diagnosed with an age=related disease until after 80, 45%

36
Q

escapers

A

reached year 100 without ever having an age-related disease, 13%

37
Q

the IDEAL study is geared to

A

o Offer a greater understanding of the mechanisms that are important to exceptional aging
o ID what sparates delayers and evaders
o Findings may translate into actions that preserve health

38
Q

aging

A

all changes and cellular wear and tear that occur in time without any reference to death, anytime

39
Q

senescence

A

final developmental phase which ends in death

40
Q

teleological

A

related to the idea that final causes, designs, and purposes occur in nature

41
Q

teleological perspective of aging

A
  • Development is viewed as consisting of early processes that enhance functional capacities
  • Aging diminishes functional capacities
42
Q

theories must __

A

stand the test of time

43
Q

correlation

A
  • good starting point
  • loss- and gain-of function evidence levels of evidence are stronger
44
Q

geriatrician

A

doctor for health and care of old people

45
Q

gerontologist

A

scientific study of old age

46
Q

4 characteristics of “fundamental aging processes

A
  • Cumulative
  • Progressive
  • Intrinsic
  • Deleterious
47
Q

medical model of aging

A

if disease is eliminated, aging will stop
o Problem = aging occurs in absence of disease

48
Q

biological model of aging

A

evolutionary basis for this mode, organisms devote more energy to reproduction than self maintenance

49
Q

schematic steady state

A

if nothing changes and inflow and outflow are balanced, then we have a non-aging system

50
Q

real SS

A

= the maintenance of glucose levels in the blood, changes in glucose  changes in insulin,. Homeostasis is maintained

51
Q

SS and aging

A
  • With aging, the steady-state becomes a non-steady-state as regulatory subcomponents change
52
Q

entropy

A

gradual decline into disorder

53
Q

Intraspecific plasticity

A

individuals (e.g. people) differ in terms of their aging patterns/trajectories
* Interaction between genotype and environment
* The longevity of an organism is a phenotype
* Small group differentiation

54
Q

Interspecific plasticity

A

big group difference

55
Q

3 types of senescence

A

o Rapid = rapid onset of major pathophysical changes at a particular common time
o Gradual = slow and consistent
o Negligible = in long-lived species where dysfunctional changes cannot be described

56
Q

c elegans

A
  • Also experience sarcopenia
57
Q

frailty

A

vulnerable state in which capacity to cope is strained by demands

58
Q

disability

A

also impending/close in people with frailty syndrome

59
Q

4 features of frailty model

A

-1) Chronic undernutrition
-2) Sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass with age)
-3) Decreased walking speed
-4) Decreased activity level

60
Q

physical function and independence ___ with frailty

A

decrease

61
Q

disability is _____ severe than frailty

A

more

62
Q

mobility disability

A

we have not discussed this, but it is defined as taking longer than 15 min to complete a 400-meter walk

63
Q

leg strength and standing speed

A
  • First threshold = start slowing
  • Second threshold = cannot do it anymore
64
Q

at age 60

A

decrease in walking speed

65
Q

____ more susceptible to falling below functional threshold

A

women

66
Q

4 phases of lifespan

A
  • developmental
  • health
  • transition
  • senescent
67
Q

developmental span

A

minimum age-specific mortality rate reached just prior to sexual maturation

68
Q

health span

A

age-specific mortality rate may be flat or show only slight increase starting from a low base level

69
Q

transition phase

A

age-specific mortality rate may show sharp increase over prior decades

70
Q

senescent span

A

critical thresholds passed, cell function ceases

71
Q

stress can increase mortality rates

A
  • Being a prisoner of war
  • Being a civilians during war times
  • radiation
72
Q

CR in rats early in life

A

higher death rate per day

73
Q

CR in rats late in life

A

lower death rate but had a mildly adverse effect on the initial vulnerability

74
Q

How many years of life extension did CR rhesus monkeys have

A

7

75
Q

problems with CR in humans

A

adherence, stunted growth, delayed maturity
* When = later in life
* Not good during development

76
Q

cohort effect

A

can get in the way of studying the aging process b/c of confounding variables like Title IX

77
Q

survivor effect

A

is due to older ‘survivors’ being healthier/heartier due to the fact that they have survived so long

78
Q

__________ studies can overcome the survivor effect

A
  • longitudinal
  • hard and expensive
79
Q

limitations to cross-sectional studies

A
  • Different groups compared at one time
  • Assume group differences are the same as individual differences due to aging
  • Events affect individuals differently depending on stage of life
  • Survivor effect
  • Rate of change with aging cannot be measured cross-sectionally
80
Q

longitudinal study limitations

A

time, money, and dropouts

81
Q

environmental effects on weight gain/loss with aging

A
  • Only if the socioeconomic environment has adequate caloric availability
82
Q

CS and longitudinal show ___ trend in muscle mass with age

A
  • same
    -muscle mass declines as you get older
83
Q

integrative model

A
  • Disease may not result, though
  • In between medical and biological
84
Q

time-dependent disease

A

polycystic kidney disease, threshold concept (hyperplasia increases with time but it’s not an issue until you reach that threshold)

85
Q

age-dependent disease

A

lose elasticity of aorta  increase BP

86
Q

developmental conditions

A

can modulate aging
* Hormonal effects = female honeybees can be worker bees and live 12 months or queen bees and live 6 years all based on what hormones they get
* Intrauuterine/disease = maternal diabetes associated with low birth weight and life expectancy in offspring

87
Q

fvc

A

measure of vigor, general musculoskeletal function capacity, and overall health. Measure of living capacity
-Know that biological age based on biomarkers is associated with mortality risk (i.e. generally, if you have an ‘older’ score for a biomarker such as FEV or VC, you are more likely to die).

Aging (2 decks)

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