Final Flashcards
built environment
human-made structures, features, and facilities viewed collectively as an environment in which people live and work
Infrastructure
the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise
Previous HHS
focused on messaging and a top-down approach that preached at people to ‘eat better and exercise more’
top down approach
proven ineffective
New approach of HHS
focused on factors in the built environment
Examples of NCDs
- Coronary Heart disease
- diabetes
2 other terms used for NCD
- chronic disease
- lifestyle disease
3 major risk factor categories
- biological (age)
- environmental (air)
- behavioral (smoking)
2 of the risk factors most susceptible to change
- environmental
- behavioral
CHD
- associated with atherosclerosis
- thickening of the inner lining of arteries
- contributor to heart attack and stroke death
- diseases of the heart and blood vessels are the leading cause of death in the US
Physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for CHD
some of it is determine by genetics
Framingham heart study
population attributable risk
the proportion of the incidence of a disease in the population that is due to exposure
US population at risk
not everyone has the same risk, those who are physically inactive have a higher risk
Web of causation
there are many contributing factors that help lead to a disease
importance of active commuting, schools, and environments that encourage
- longevity
- health
- cost
examples of great infrastructure in cities
bike friendly roadways and parking
Chris boardman
- big biker
- first commissioner for cycling and walking
Life-sized City
- car usage is decreasing and bike usage is increasing
- faster, more cost-effective, more direct route
Built environment stats
today’s 10 year-olds are the first generation expected to have a shorter life expectancy than their parents
Obesogenic
tending to cause obesity
Built environment impact to health span and compression of morbidity
Improving/optimizing the built environment for activity, health outcomes will improve
Health span
part of a person’s life in good health
compression of morbidity
in shorter time/compressed
easy changes in built environment for healthy habits
place healthy foods at eye level/easily accessible place
EPIC
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
3 components health-diet-sustainability
- grams of CO2 per day
- liters of H20 used per day
- area of land used per day
most to least on 3 components
diet < vegetarian < vegan
There is a direct relationship between how similar a country’s diet to _____ and ____
Mediterranean; longevity
Mediterranean diet is good for ___
elderly persons
Cretan diet was associated with low rates of
- CHD
- Cancer
- all potential causes of death
key differences between the Crete diet and US railroad and Zutphen diet
- more fish in Crete
- more sugar and pastries
- less alcohol
does having 2 copies of the APO-E4 allele mean you will definitely get AD?
- no
What is the conclusion of Dr. Greger’s video
- diet trumps genes
- pharmacologic interventions can reduce risk
Dr. Valter Longo won a Nobel Prize for research in intermittent fasting
- he and others have shown reduced body weight, waist, circumference, inflammation, improved cognition
Cancer rates are lower demonstrated by the EPIC data
- these cancers we have talked about
- physical activity, fiber, meat intake, oat cereal intake, are significantly associated with various cancer risks
mismatched genome hypothesis
- What are genes were not made for the environment that we live in, so we see consequences
- Physical inactivity -> failure to maintain homeostatic signaling -> inhibition of health promoting proteins, activation of disease promoting protein -> decreases survival
Since the Paleolithic Age
our genomes haven’t changed
- mismatch comes in when you consider that our environmental and physical activity factors are very different/mismatched
mismatched genome hypothesis
there is the cycle of feast and famine/physical activity that used to function normally
Famine period required
physical activity and hunger
cycle of feast and famine now ___
disrupted
consequences of the stalling of the cycle
- No cycling of metabolic processes – fuel gets shunted into an even greater and unhealthy storage, prescipitating the metabolic syndrome
2 things we can do to stop stalling from happening
- exercise
- calorie deficit
______ and ______ of fasting
- medical
- biological
Medical
reduction in body weight and obesity, reduced incidence of diseases like cancer, CVD, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome
biological
- decreased inflammation, increased autophagy
autophagy
o Consumption of the body’s own tissue as a metabolic process occurring in starvation and certain diseases
o A conservation process to preserve energy homeostasis and cellular fitness by the catabolic process of intracellular components, is associated with aging and longevity
o Cleaning-out process similar to what system in the brain covered recently
